Remarks On The Uses Of Some Of The Bazaar Medicines And Common Medical Plants Of India - free ebook by Edward John Waring

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Remarks On The Uses Of Some Of The Bazaar Medicines And Common Medical Plants Of India

Edward John Waring

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REMARKS ON THE USES OF SOME OF THE BAZAAR MEDICINES AND COMMON MEDICAL PLANTS OF INDIA

REMARKS ON THE USES OF SOME OF THE BAZAAR MEDICINES AND COMMON MEDICAL PLANTS OF INDIA

WITH A FULL INDEX OF DISEASES, INDICATING THEIR TREATMENT BY THESE AND OTHER AGENTS PROCURABLE THROUGHOUT INDIA TO WHICH ARE ADDED DIRECTIONS FOR TREATMENT IN CASES OF DROWNING, SNAKE-BITES, &amp;c. BY EDWARD JOHN WARING, C.I.E., M.D. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON SURGEON-MAJOR (RETIRED) HER MAJESTY'S INDIAN ARMY EDITOR OF THE PHARMACOPŒIA OF INDIA, ETC. FIFTH EDITION LONDON J. &amp; A. CHURCHILL 7 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET 1897 LONDON J. &amp; A. CHURCHI

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PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

Owing to the favour in which this work is still being held by the public in India, as proved by the entire sale of the Fourth Edition, I have taken upon myself to issue this, the Fifth Edition , with the generous assistance of my late father's friend, J. E. T. Aitchison, M.D., C.I.E., to whom I owe a great debt of gratitude for the time and trouble and valuable special knowledge he has so liberally bestowed on the work. The only important changes that occur in this Edition are the introduction o

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PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

That this little work should have reached a Fourth Edition may be taken as pretty clear indication that it has met a recognised want amongst our Indian fellow-subjects, for whose instruction and guidance it was originally issued. To render it worthy of continued favour, and to make it additionally useful, has been my anxious endeavour. Of any merit which this edition may be found to possess over the preceding one, a very large portion is due to Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, C.I.E., Surgeon-Major in H.

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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

Fourteen years have elapsed since this work, in an elementary form, was first issued for the use of the District Vaccinators of Travancore, whose sphere of action was far removed from regular medical aid. It was originally published in English and Tamil on opposite pages; subsequently it was reprinted in Tamil alone by the London Missionary Society's Press at Nagercoil, for the use of the catechists and others connected with that Mission. In 1868, a Malyalim translation, by Dresser Ramswammy Raj

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INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTION.

This work, it is presumed, will fall into the hands of many who are wholly ignorant of, or very partially acquainted with, matters pharmaceutical; hence some few introductory remarks are indispensable to enable such persons to understand fully, and follow out correctly, the directions given. 1. Weights and Measures. —In Appendix C, a small set of Apothecaries' scales and weights is included, but in the absence of the former it is well to remember that a small set of scales, such as is used by na

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Abelmoschus, or Edible Hibiscus. Okra.

Abelmoschus, or Edible Hibiscus. Okra.

Bhindí, Rám-turáí ( Hind. ), Bhéndí ( Duk. , Punj. ), Dhéras or Dhénras, Rám-Toráí ( Beng. ), Vendaik-káy ( Tam. ), Benda-káya ( Tel. ), Ventak-káya ( Mal. ), Bendé-káyi ( Can. ), Bhéndá ( Mah. ), Bhíndu ( Guz. ), Banda-ká ( Cing. ). Youn-padi-sí ( Burm. ), Kachang-lindir ( Malay ). 2. This well-known vegetable, cultivated throughout India, abounds in a copious, bland, viscid mucilage, which possesses valuable emollient and demulcent properties, rendering the practitioner in India independent of

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Abrus, or Country Liquorice Root.

Abrus, or Country Liquorice Root.

Mulatthí-hindi, Gunj-ka-jar ( Hind. , Duk. ), Jaishtomodhu-bengala, Kunch-ka-jar ( Beng. ), Múlathí ( Punj. ), Shangir ( Kash. ), Gundumani-vér ( Tam. ), Guru-venda-véru ( Tel. ), Kunnikuru-véra ( Mal. ), Gul-ganji-béru ( Can. ), Olindamúl ( Cing. ), Yu-e-si-anú ( Burm. ), Akar-sagamerah ( Malay ). 6. This root, obtained from a twining shrub common throughout India, whose bright scarlet seeds with a black spot at one end are universally known, possesses many of the sensible properties and medica

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Acacia, or Babúl Bark.

Acacia, or Babúl Bark.

Babúl-ka-chál, Kíkar-ka-chál ( Hind. ), Kali-kíkar-kí chilká ( Duk. ), Babúl-sál ( Beng. ), Sák ( Punj. , Kash. ), Karu-vélam-pattai ( Tam. ), Kulit-pokoh-bunga ( Malay ). 8. Babúl bark occurs in large thick pieces, coarsely fibrous, of a deep mahogany colour, and astringent, bitterish taste. It is an excellent astringent, and though less powerful than some others of the same class, it possesses the advantage of being obtainable, either in the fresh or dried state, throughout India, the tree yie

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Acorus, or Sweet Flag Root.

Acorus, or Sweet Flag Root.

Bach or Vach ( Hind. , Duk. ), Bach, Saféd Bach ( Beng. ), Warch ( Punj. ), Vá'í ( Kash. ), Vashambú ( Tam. ), Vasa, Vadaja ( Tel. ), Vash-anpa ( Mal. ), Bajé ( Can. ), Vékhanda ( Mah. ), Vaj, Vach ( Guz. ), Lene or Linhe ( Burm. ), Jaringowe ( Malay ). 11. This is one of the commonest of bazaar medicines, and generally procurable everywhere, of good quality, at a very small cost. It occurs in pieces of various lengths, about the thickness of the thumb, rather flattened, spongy, provided with nu

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Aloes.

Aloes.

Musabbar, Ilvá, Yalvá ( Hind. ), Musanbar ( Duk. ), Móshabbar ( Beng. ), Elwá ( Punj. ), Mússbar, Sibar ( Kash. ), Kariya-pólam, Irakta-pólam ( Tam. ), Múshámbaram ( Tel. ), Chenna-náyakam ( Mal. ), Musam-bara-bóla ( Mah. ), Yéliyo ( Guz. ), Kalu-bólam, Kari-bolam ( Cing. ), Mo ( Burm. ), Jadam ( Malay ). 16. Aloes, as met with in the bazaars, are generally imported, and of a very inferior description, but they may be rendered fit for medical use by the following process: Take of bazaar Aloes, i

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Alum.

Alum.

Phitkarí ( Hind. ), Phitkarí ( Beng. ), Fatkarí ( Punj. ), Fatkar, Phatkar ( Kash. ), Pati-káram ( Tam. , Tel. ), Chinik-káram ( Mal. ), Pati-kárá ( Can. ), Patikár, Turatí ( Mah. ), Sina-karam ( Cing. ), Keo-khin ( Burm. ), Twas ( Malay ). 22. Alum of good quality is generally procurable in all bazaars. It should be in colourless, transparent, crystalline masses, or pieces of various sizes, with an acid, sweetish, astringent taste. When mixed with impurities, as it often is, it may be rendered

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Asafœtida.

Asafœtida.

Hing ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Pung. , Mah. , Guz. ), Yang ( Kash. ), Káyam, Perun-gáyam ( Tam. ), Inguva ( Tel. ), Perun-gáyam, Káyam ( Mal. ), Perun-káyam ( Cing. ), Shinkhu or Shingu ( Burm. ), Hingu ( Malay ). 34. Asafœtida of good quality may be obtained in most bazaars. The moister and most strongly smelling kinds should be chosen for medical purposes. It may be given in the form of pill, in doses of from five to ten grains; or in that of mixture, prepared by rubbing down in a mortar five d

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Asteracantha (Barleria) longifolia.

Asteracantha (Barleria) longifolia.

Talmakháné, Gokshura ( Hind. ), Kolsí ( Duk. ), Kánta-koliká ( Beng. ), Tálmakhánáh ( Punj. , Kash. ), Nir-mulli ( Tam. ), Niru-gobbi ( Tel. ), Vayal-chulli ( Mal. ), Kolava-like ( Can. ), Tál-makháná ( Mah. ), Ikkiri ( Cing. ), Súpadán ( Burm. ). 39. The whole of this plant, common in moist sites throughout India, but especially the root, which in the dried state is sold in the bazaars, enjoys a high repute amongst the natives as a diuretic in Dropsical cases , which European experience has, in

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Atis, or Atees.

Atis, or Atees.

Atís ( Hind. ), Atviká ( Duk. ), Atis, Batis, Patis ( Punj. ), Mohand-i-guj-saféd, Hong-i-saféd ( Kash. ), Ati-vadayam ( Tam. ), Ati-vasa ( Tel. ). 41. Atís, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of small tuberous roots, tapering towards a point, from one to one and a half inches or more in length, and from three-eighths to a quarter of an inch in thickness; grey externally, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, and marked here and there with rootlet scars, easily friable; internally white,

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Bael Fruit.

Bael Fruit.

Bél, Si-phal ( Hind. , Beng. , Punj. ), Bél-phal ( Duk. ), Vilva or Bilva-pazham ( Tam. ), Bilva-pandu, Márédu-pandu ( Tel. ), Kúvalap-pazham ( Mal. ) Bilapatri-hannu ( Can. ) Bél-phal ( Guz. ), Bélá-chaphala, Bela ( Mah. ) Bélli, Bélli-ka ( Cing. ), Ushi-si, Ushi-ti ( Burm. ), Buah Bail ( Malay ), Bil-kath (the entire fruit), Shífal-gúj, the pulp and seeds with the rind removed ( Kash. ). 44. The half-ripe fruit is best suited for medical use, and that freshly gathered is preferable to that whi

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Betel or Betle Leaves.

Betel or Betle Leaves.

Pán ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Punj. , and Guz. ), Vettilai ( Tam. ), Tamala-páku, Nága-valli ( Tel. ), Vetrila ( Mal. ), Viledele ( Can. ), Videchapána ( Mah. ), Balát ( Cing. ), Kún-yoe ( Burm. ), Seereh ( Malay ). 47. These leaves are in almost universal use amongst the natives of India as a masticatory, in conjunction with lime and areca-nut; and can now be purchased, almost fresh, in any of the larger bazaars of the Punjaub, as they are forwarded by rail and post. There are two ways in which

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Bonduc Nut.

Bonduc Nut.

Kat-kalijá, Kat-karanj ( Hind. ), Gajgá ( Duk. ), Nátá, Nátú-koranjá ( Beng. ), Kanjúá ( Punj. ), Kazhar-shik-káy ( Tam. ), Gech-chak-káyá ( Tel. ), Kalan-chik-kuru ( Mal. ), Gajaga-káyi ( Can. ), Gajaga ( Mah. ), Gájgá ( Guz. ) Kumbura-atta ( Cing. ), Kalén-zi ( Burm. ), Buah gorah ( Malay ). 51. These nuts, common in all the bazaars of India, are roundish or ovoid in shape, about half an inch, or more, in diameter, smooth, hard, of a grey or leaden colour externally, and contain a white starch

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Borax.

Borax.

Sohágá, Tinkál ( Hind. ), Sohágá ( Beng. , Duk. , Punj. ), Vávut, Váwuth ( Kash. ), Venkáram ( Tam. ), Elegáram ( Tel. ), Ponkáram, Vellakaram ( Mal. ), Biligára ( Can. ), Vengáram, Puskara ( Cing. ), Lakhiya, Let-khya ( Burm. ), Pijar ( Malay ). 54. Borax of good quality is met with in most bazaars; if good it should be in transparent, colourless, crystalline masses or pieces of various sizes, inodorous, with a cool, saltish taste. After having been exposed to the air for some time, as that fou

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Butea Gum. Bengal Kino.

Butea Gum. Bengal Kino.

Palás-kí-gond ( Hind. , Duk. ), Pálásh-gun ( Beng. ), Dhák-kí-gond ( Punj. ,), Kamar-kash ( Kash. ), Muruk-kan-pishin, Palásha-pishin ( Tam. ), Palásha-banka, Móduga-banka ( Tel. ) Plách-cha-pasha ( Mal. ), Muttaga-góndu ( Can. ), Phalása-cha-gónda ( Mah. ), Khákar-nu-gún ( Guz. ), Káliya-melliyam ( Cing. ), Páv-si ( Burm. ). 62. Butea Gum occurs in the form of irregular shining fragments, seldom as large as a pea, more or less mixed with adherent pieces of greyish bark, of an intense ruby colou

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Butea Seeds.

Butea Seeds.

Palás-ké-bínj ( Hind. ), Palás-Páprá ( Duk. , Beng. ), Dhák-papri, Palás-páprí ( Punj. ), Khálás-pápúr ( Kash. ), Porasum-virai, Murukkam-virai ( Tam. ), Palásha-vittulu, Moduga-vittulu ( Tel. ), Pláshu, Murukka-vitta ( Mal. ), Muttaga-bíjá ( Can. ), Phalásá-cha-bí ( Mah. ), Palás-páparo ( Guz. ), Kaliya-atta ( Cing. ), Páv-si ( Burm. ). 64. Butea seeds are thin, flat, oval or kidney-shaped, of a mahogany brown colour, 1¼ to 1¾ inches in length, almost devoid of taste and smell. European experie

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Camphor.

Camphor.

Káfúr ( Hind. , Punj. ), Káphúr ( Beng. ), Karruppúram or Karppúram ( Tam. ), Karpúram ( Tel. , Mal. ), Karpúra ( Can. ), Kapúra ( Mah. ), Kapúr, Karpúr ( Guz. ), Kapuru ( Cing. ), Payo, Piyo ( Burm. ), Kapor baroos ( Malay ). Several varieties of Camphor are met with in the bazaars. That best suited for medicinal use should be in masses or lumps, white, translucent, of a crystalline structure, of a powerful penetrating odour, and pungent taste. Much of the camphor sold in the bazaars is worthle

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Capsicum.

Capsicum.

Lál-mirch, Gách-mirch ( Hind. ), Mirchí, Lál-mirchí ( Duk. ), Lal-morich, Lanká-morich ( Beng. ), Lal-mirch ( Punj. ), Mirch-wángun ( Kash. ), Mulagáy, Milagáy ( Tam. ), Mirapa-káya ( Tel. ), Kappal-melaka ( Mal. ), Ménashiná-káyi ( Can. ), Mir-singá ( Mah. ), Lál-mirich, Marchu ( Guz. ), Miris ( Cing. ), Náyu-si ( Burm. ), Chalie, Loda-cheena ( Malay ). 77. A powerful stimulant; the bruised fruit applied locally in the form of poultice acts energetically as a rubefacient, and, added to Mustard

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Cassia alata.

Cassia alata.

Dádmurdan, Dád-ká-pát ( Hind. ), Dádmurdan, Dádmari ( Beng. ), Dát-ká-pattá, Viláyatí-agtí ( Duk. ), Shimai-agatti, Vandu-kolli ( Tam. ), Shíma-avishi-chettu ( Tel. ), Shima-akatti ( Mal. ), Shíme-agase ( Can. ), Attóra ( Cing. ), Timbó-mezali, Mezali-gi ( Burm. ). 81. This handsome shrub, with its large conspicuous spike of yellow flowers, is common in gardens and waste places throughout India. Its leaves have attained a well-earned repute as a local remedy in Skin Diseases , especially in Ring

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Castor Oil.

Castor Oil.

Arandí-ká-tél ( Hind. , Punj. ), Yarandí-ká-tél ( Duk. ), Bhérandá-tail ( Beng. ), A'manak-kenney ( Tam. ), A'mudam ( Tel. ), Kottenná ( Mal. ), Haralenne ( Can. ), Eran-déla ( Mah. ), Dívás, Yerandi-nu-tél ( Guz. ), Endaru-tel ( Cing. ), Kesú-si ( Burm. ), Miniak jarak ( Malay ). 83. Castor Oil, of various degrees of purity, is met with in most bazaars. The dark brown viscid oil (obtained by boiling, and subsequent expression of the seeds) should be avoided, on account of its acridity. The best

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Catechu.

Catechu.

Kát, Kath ( Hind. , Punj. ), Kát ( Beng. ), Kathah ( Duk. ), Khairah, Kuth ( Kash. ), Káshu, Kátta-kámbu ( Tam. ), Kánchu ( Tel. ), Kátta ( Mal. ), Káchu ( Can. ), Kath-tho ( Guz. ), Kaipu ( Cing. ), Sházi ( Burm. ), Gambir or Kachu ( Malay ). 87. Several varieties of Catechu are met with in the bazaars. That best adapted for medical use occurs in the form of masses consisting of layers, occasionally enveloped in rough leaves of a blackish-brown colour, easily fractured, of a very astringent tas

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Charcoal Wood, Charcoal.

Charcoal Wood, Charcoal.

Lakrí ka-kóyelah ( Hind. ), Lákri-ká-kólsá ( Duk. ), Kásh-tha-kóyalá ( Beng. ), Aduppu-kari ( Tam. ), Katta-boggu ( Tel. ), Atuppa-kari, Muttí-kari ( Mal. ), Kattige-iddallu ( Can. ), Láka-dácha-kólasé ( Mah. ), Lákdu-kóelo ( Guz. ), Thén-misu-e ( Burm. ), Anguru ( Cing. ), Ahrang ( Malay ), Kóiláh ( Punj. ), Tsuíng ( Kash. ). 91. Charcoal is an article of great importance in a sanatory and medical as well as in an economical point of view. It possesses no mean power as a deodoriser, and in clos

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Chaulmugra.

Chaulmugra.

Chaulmúgra or Chál-mogré-ké, bínj ( Hind. ). 93. Chaulmúgra seeds are about an inch in length, of an ovoid form, rendered more or less irregular by mutual compression. The shell, greyish brown, smooth and fragile, contains a large kernel, which by expression yields a fixed oil which has a peculiar and slightly unpleasant smell and taste. The oil procured from the bazaars is usually impure, and hence objectionable for internal administration. 94. In Leprosy Chaulmúgra has been used with excellent

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Chiretta.

Chiretta.

Charáyatah ( Hind. , Duk. ), Shirat-kuch-chi, Nilavémbu ( Tam. ), Nelá-vému ( Tel. ), Cherota ( Beng. ), Chiraita, Kiraita ( Punj. ), Chiraiet ( Kash. ), Chiráyitá ( Mah. ), Chírayata ( Guz. ), Bincohamba ( Cing. ), Sekhági ( Burm. ), Chrita ( Malay ). 97. Stems about three feet long, of the thickness of a goose-quill, round, smooth, pale-brown, branched, branches opposite; flowers small, numerous, panicled; the whole plant intensely bitter. These characters belong to the officinal Chiretta, but

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Cinnamon.

Cinnamon.

Dár-chīnī ( Hind. , Punj. ), Dál-chíní ( Duk. , Beng. , Kash. , Guz. ), Lavanga-pattai, Karuvá-pattai, ( Tam. ), Lavanga patta ( Mal. , Tel. ), Dála-chini ( Can. , Mah. ), Kurundo ( Cing. ), Timbo-tik-yobo ( Burm. ), Kulit-manis ( Malay ). 101. The above names belong only to the true Cinnamon, which is procurable in most bazaars; it requires to be distinguished from the country Cinnamon, the bark of Cinnamomum iners (Jangli-dal-chiní, Hind. , Kattu-karuvá-pattai, Tam. ), which is very inferior.

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Cloves.

Cloves.

Lóng ( Hind. , Beng. ), Lavang ( Duk. ), Kirámbu, Ilavangap-pú ( Tam. ), Lavango-pú, Lavangálu ( Tel. ), Karámpu ( Mal. ), Lavanga ( Can. , Mah. ), Lavang ( Guz. ), Krábu-nati ( Cing. ), Láúng ( Punj. ), Raung ( Kash. ), Leniah-poén, Lenang-poén ( Burm. ), Bunga Chingkeh ( Malay ). 104. The Cloves met with in the bazaars are often old and worthless. Those suited for medical use should have a strong, fragrant odour, a bitter, spicy, pungent taste, and should emit a trace of oil when indented with

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Cocculus Indicus.

Cocculus Indicus.

Kákmárí-ke-bínj ( Hind. , Duk. ), Káká-mári ( Beng. ), Kákkáy-kolli-varai, Pén-kottai ( Tam. ), Káka-mári, Káki-champa ( Tel. ), Karanta-kattin-káya, Pollak-káya ( Mal. ), Kaka-mári-bíjá ( Can. ), Tit-taval ( Cing. ). 107. The dried fruit, sold in most bazaars, is rather larger than a full-sized pea, somewhat kidney-shaped, blackish-brown, wrinkled, containing a yellowish, oily, bitter, kidney-shaped kernel enclosed in a two-valved shell. It is powerfully poisonous and is never administered inte

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Sulphate of Copper. Blue Stone.

Sulphate of Copper. Blue Stone.

Nílá-tútá ( Hind. , Punj. ), Mór-tuttá, Mhor-tuttah ( Duk. ), Tutiyá ( Beng. ), Nila-toth ( Kash. ), Mayil-tuttam, Turichu, Tuttam-turichi ( Tam. ), Mayilu-tuttam ( Tel. ), Turisha, Mayil-tutta ( Mal. ) Mail-tutyá ( Can. ), Mórtúta ( Guz. ), Palmánikam ( Cing. ), Douthá ( Burm. ), Toorsi ( Malay ). 109. Sulphate of Copper, of fair quality, is procurable in most bazaars; it should be in crystalline masses, of various sizes, of a dark-blue colour, without any light green or whitish powder adherent

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Croton Seeds.

Croton Seeds.

Jépál, Jamál-gótá ( Hind. ), Jamál-guttah ( Duk. ), Jépál, Jamál-gotá ( Beng. , Punj. ), Nérválam kottai ( Tam. ), Népála-vittulu ( Tel. ), Nirválam ( Mal. ) Jápálada-bíjá ( Can. ), Népálácha-bi ( Mah. ), Jamlá-gota ( Guz. ), Jápála, Jaipála ( Cing. ), Kanakho-si, Sa-díva, Ta-díva ( Burm. ), Buah doomkian ( Malay ). 119. The Croton seeds met with in Indian bazaars are often spoilt by long keeping, &amp;c.; they should, when practicable, be collected fresh when required for use. They are abou

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Cubebs.

Cubebs.

Kabáb-chíní ( Hind. , Duk. , Punj. ), Liút-marz ( Kash. ), Vál-milagu ( Tam. ), Tóka-miriyálu, Chalava-miriyálu ( Tel. ), Vál-mulaka ( Mal. ), Bála-menasu ( Can. ), Kabábachini, Himsí-míre ( Mah. ), Kabáb-chíní, Tadamirí ( Guz. ), Vál-molagu, Vát molavú ( Cing. ), Lada-bereker ( Malay ). 124. Cubebs of very fair quality is often obtainable in the bazaars. [In Southern India and elsewhere Sítal-Chíní is the name in use for Cubebs, and Kabáb-chíní for Allspice (fruit of Eugenia Pimenta), whereas i

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Datura.

Datura.

Dhatúrá ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Punj. , Guz. ), Umattai ( Tam. ), Dáthir ( Kash. ), Ummetta, Duttúramu ( Tel. ), Ummatta ( Mal. ), Ummatte ( Can. ), Attana ( Cing. ), Padáyin ( Burm. ), Kachubung ( Malay ). These are the native generic names of the Datura plant, the different species being distinguished by affixes denoting the colour of the flowers, white, purple, &amp;c. 128. The white and purple varieties of Datura are common on waste places throughout India; they possess the same medicin

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Dill Seeds.

Dill Seeds.

Sóyah, Suvá ( Hind. , Punj. ), Sóyí ( Duk. ), Sóí-biól ( Kash. ), Shulphá, Shonvá, Shóvá ( Beng. ), Shatta-kuppi-virai ( Tam. ), Shata-kuppi-víttulu ( Tel. ), Shata-kuftá ( Mal. ), Sab-basagi ( Can. ), Suvá-nu-bi ( Guz. ), Sada-kuppa, Sata-kuppi ( Cing. ), Samin ( Burm. ), Shatha-kupay, Adas pudus ( Malay ). 134. The Indian Dill Seed possesses no specific characters to distinguish it from the European article, for which it may be substituted. The Distilled Water, when procurable, is the best for

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Fish-liver Oil.

Fish-liver Oil.

Mach-chí-ká-tél ( Hind. , Duk. ), Machár-tail ( Beng. ), Mín-yenney ( Tam. ), Chépa-núne ( Tel. ), Mínnai, Malsyam-nai ( Mal. ), Míniná-yanne ( Can. ), Mo-solícha-téla ( Mah. ), Mín-tel, Mal-tel ( Cing. ), Miniak hati-yu putch ( Malay ). 136. Oil from the livers of the White Shark (Squalus Carcharias, Linn. ), the Seir (Cybium Commersonii, Cuv. et Val. ), and other fish, is now extensively prepared in various sea-coast towns of India. When properly made it is of a fine amber colour; the smell an

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Galls.

Galls.

Mái-phal, Mázu-phal ( Hind. ), Mái-phal, Májú-phal ( Duk. ), Máju-phal ( Beng. , Punj. , Kash. ), Máshik-káy ( Tam. ), Máshi-káya ( Tel. ), Máshik-káya ( Mal. ), Máchi-káyi ( Can. ), Mái-phala, Máshi-ká ( Mah. ), Máyi-phal ( Guz. ), Mása-ka ( Cing. ), Pinza-káni-si, Pinz-gáni-di ( Burm. ), Manjakani ( Malay ). 145. Many varieties of Galls are met with in the bazaars; the best for medical use are globular, about the size of a nutmeg, of a yellowish-white colour and very astringent taste, with a s

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Ginger.

Ginger.

Sónth, Sindhi ( Hind. ), Sónth ( Duk. , Beng. , Punj. ), Shó-ont ( Kash. ), Shukku ( Tam. ), Sonti ( Tel. ), Chukka ( Mal. ), Vanasunthi ( Can. ), Súnt ( Guz. ), Ingúrú, Velichaingúrú ( Cing. ), Ginsi-khiáv ( Burm. ), Hulya-kring ( Malay ). 154. Dried Ginger is preferable to fresh or green Ginger for medicinal use, but if not procurable the latter may be employed. It is best given in the form of Infusion, made by macerating 1 ounce of bruised Ginger in a pint of boiling water in a covered vessel

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Gurjun Balsam, or Wood Oil.

Gurjun Balsam, or Wood Oil.

Garjan-ká-tél ( Hind. ), Gorjon-tail ( Beng. ), Hora-tel ( Cing. ), Kanyen-si ( Burm. ). 160. Gurjun Balsam, or Wood Oil, is a transparent liquid of the consistence of olive oil, lighter than water, of a dark-brown sherry colour, with an odour and taste resembling Copaiba, but less powerful. It has been used as a substitute for this latter drug in the treatment of Gonorrhœa , and trials with it in the hands of Europeans have shown that it is a remedy of no mean value in this affection. It is onl

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Hemidesmus Root, or Country Sarsaparilla.

Hemidesmus Root, or Country Sarsaparilla.

Híndí-sál-sá, Jangli-chanbéllí ( Hind. ), Nanníré-jar ( Duk. ), Ananto-múl ( Beng. ), Nannárí-ver ( Tam. ), Sugandhi-pála, Pála-chukkam-déru ( Tel. ), Nannári-kizhanna, Naru-níntí ( Mal. ), Sugandha-pála-da-béru ( Can. ), Irimusu ( Cing. ), Anant-mūl ( Punj. ). 162. The specimens of Hemidesmus Root, procurable in most parts of India, which are best adapted for medical use are medium sized, about the size of a quill, having a full, peculiar aromatic odour, and a feebly bitter and agreeable taste.

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Honey.

Honey.

Shahad, Madh ( Hind. ), Shahad ( Duk. ), Modhu ( Beng. ), Tén ( Tam. ) Téne ( Tel. ), Tén ( Mal. ), Jenu ( Can. ), Mada ( Mah. ), Madh ( Guz. ), Páni ( Cing. ), Piyá-ye ( Burm. ), Ayer madu ( Malay ), Saht, Shahd ( Punj. ), Mhách ( Kash. ). 165. Honey of fair quality is obtainable in most parts of India. Though not possessed of any marked medicinal properties, it is always advisable to keep some in store, as it forms an agreeable sweetening ingredient for mixtures, is a good vehicle in which to

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Hydrocotyle Asiatica.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica.

Vallári ( Hind. , Duk. ), Thal-kuru ( Beng. ), Valláraí ( Tam. ), Mandúka-bramha-kúraku, Pinna-éaki-chettu, Bokkudu-chettu ( Tel. ), Kutakan, Kodogam ( Mal. ), Von-delagá ( Can. ), Hingotu-kola ( Cing. ), Mink-hua-bin ( Burm. ), Dawoon-punga-gah ( Malay ). 169. This small, low-growing plant, common in moist localities in many parts of India, has obtained considerable repute in European practice as a remedy for Leprosy . It is prepared as follows: The leaves having been carefully separated, as so

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Sulphate of Iron.

Sulphate of Iron.

Hirá-kasis, Kashish ( Hind. ), Hírá-kashísh ( Duk. ), Hirákos, Hírá-kosis ( Beng. ), Sang-i-sabz ( Punj. , Kash. ), Híra-kasis ( Guz. ), Anná-bédi, Anná-bhédi ( Tam. , Tel. , Mal. , Can. ), Madu-kolpa ( Malay ). 172. Sulphate of Iron, in a more or less pure state, is met with in most Indian bazaars; that only should be selected for medicinal use which occurs in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses of a pale green colour, wholly soluble in water. The dirty yellowish powder usually ass

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Jatamansi or Indian Spikenard.

Jatamansi or Indian Spikenard.

Jatámásí, Bal-chír ( Hind. , Punj. ), Jhatá-mansí ( Duk. ), Játámámsí ( Beng. ), Bhút-jatt, Kúkil-i-pót ( Kash. ), Jatámáshi ( Tam. , Tel. ), Jetá-mánchi ( Mal. ), Jetá-mávashí ( Can. , Mah. ), Jatamánsi, Jaramánsi ( Cing. ). 183. These roots, met with in most bazaars, occur in the form of short pieces of an underground stem, about the thickness of a goose quill, covered towards its tapering extremity, or almost entirely, with coarse, dark, hairlike fibres; odour, peculiar and fragrant; taste, a

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Kala-dana.

Kala-dana.

Kálá-dánah ( Hind. , Punj. ), Kali-zirki-ká-bínj ( Duk. ), Kálá-dáná, Nil-kolomi ( Beng. ), Hub-úl-níl ( Punj. , Kash. ), Kodi-kakkatán-virai, Jiriki-virai ( Tam. ), Jiriki-vittulu, Kolli-vittulu ( Tel. ). 186. Kala-dana seeds are black, angular, a quarter of an inch or more in length, weighing on an average about half a grain each, having the form of the segment of an orange; of a sweet and subsequently rather acrid taste, and heavy smell. 187. The powdered seeds, in doses of from 30 to 50 grai

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Kamala or Kamela.

Kamala or Kamela.

Kaméla, Kamúd ( Hind. ), Kaméla ( Beng. ), Kamélá-mávu, Kápila-podi ( Tam. ), Kápila-podi ( Tel. ), Kaméla ( Guz. ), Hampirilla-gedivella-buvá ( Cing. ), Rúlyá, Kamíla ( Punj. ), Káim-bil ( Kash. ). 189. Kamala, much employed by the natives as a dye, is met with in most bazaars in the form of a beautiful purplish-red powder; it should be free from sand or earthy impurities. In medicine, it has attained considerable repute as a remedy for Tænia or Tape worm . It has little or no effect on other f

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Kariyat or Creyat.

Kariyat or Creyat.

Charàyetah, Mahá-títá, Kiryat ( Hind. ), Charàyeta, Kalaf-náth ( Duk. ), Cherota, Mahá-tita ( Beng. ), Shirat-kúch-chi, Nila-vémbu ( Tam. ), Néla-vému ( Tel. ), Nila véppa, Kiriyáttu ( Mal. ), Nela-bevinágidá ( Can. ), Chiráyita ( Mah. ), Kiryáta, Kiryáto ( Guz. ), Binko-hamba, Hín-binko-hamba ( Cing. ), Charita ( Malay ). 191. The stem, which is usually sold in the bazaars with the root attached, occurs in pieces of about a foot or more in length, quadrangular, of a lightish-brown colour, and p

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Kokum Butter.

Kokum Butter.

Kokam-ká-tél ( Hind. ). 195. This oil is obtained by first exposing the seeds to the action of the sun, when sufficiently dry bruising them, and then subjecting them to boiling; the oil collects on the surface, and on cooling, concretes into a solid cake. When purified it is rather brittle, of a pale yellowish colour, bland and mild to the taste, melting in the mouth, and leaving an impression of cold on the tongue. It melts at 98° F. From its bland, unirritating properties, as well as from its

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Lawsonia alba, Linn., or Henna Shrub.

Lawsonia alba, Linn., or Henna Shrub.

Mhíndí ( Hind. ), Mhéndí or Méndí ( Duk. , Punj. ), Méhedi ( Beng. ), Móhnz ( Kash. ), Marutónri, Aivanam ( Tam. ), Góranta ( Tel. ), Mayilánchi, Marutónni ( Mal. ), Górante ( Can. ), Méndhi ( Mah. ), Méndi ( Guz. ), Maritondi ( Cing. ), Dánbin ( Burm. ), Hinie ( Malay ). 197. The leaves of this common Indian shrub, in almost universal use throughout the East for staining the nails, &amp;c., are well worthy of a trial in the treatment of that troublesome and painful affection of the natives

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Leeches.

Leeches.

Jók ( Hind. ), Jónk ( Duk. , Beng. , Punj. ), Drik ( Kash. ), Attái ( Tam. ), Attalu, Jela-galu ( Tel. ), Attá ( Mal. ), Jígani ( Can. ), Jala ( Guz. ), Kudallu, Púdal ( Cing. ), Míyon, Minyon ( Burm. ), Lintah ( Malay ). 199. Leeches are procurable, especially during the monsoon, in most parts of India, in the neighbourhood of tanks and swamps. As they are a valuable resource in many diseases, when properly applied in proper cases, a few preliminary remarks may be acceptable. 200. Leeches vary

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Lemon-grass Oil.

Lemon-grass Oil.

Akyá-ghas-ká-aitr ( Hind. ), Hazár-masáleh-ká aatar ( Duk. ), Agya-ghans-tail ( Beng. ), Vásh-anap-pullu-yenney, Karpúra-pullu-yenney ( Tam. ), Nimma-gaddi-núnay ( Tel. ), Vásanap-pulla-enna ( Mal. ), Purvali-hullú-yanne ( Can. ), Lilli-chaya-tél ( Guz. ), Pengrimá-tel ( Cing. ), Sabalen-si ( Burm. ), Miniak Sárie ( Malay ), Iz-khar (Punj.), Babber-i-Khát ( Kash. ). 215. Specimens of Lemon-grass Oil met with in India differ somewhat in appearance, but they all partake more or less of the same me

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Lime.

Lime.

Chúnah, Chúna ( Hind. ), Chunnah ( Duk. ), Chún, Chúná ( Beng. , Punj. , Kash. ), Shunnámbu ( Tam. ), Sunnam ( Tel. ), Núra ( Mal. ), Sunnú ( Can. ), Chunná ( Mah. ), Chúno ( Guz. ), Hunu ( Cing. ), Thónphiya ( Burm. ), Kapor ( Malay ). 219. Lime in a medical point of view is of great importance as the basis of Lime Water (in India it is essentially necessary to see that nurses and sick attendants understand the difference between Lime Water and Lime Juice; accidents have been known to occur fro

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The Lime.

The Lime.

Límú, Níbú Nínbú ( Hind. , Duk. ), Nébu ( Beng. ), Niúmb ( Kash. ), Elumich-cham-pazham ( Tam. ), Nimma-pandu ( Tel. ), Cheru-náranná, Jonakam-náranná ( Mal. ), Nimbo-hannu ( Can. ), Límbu ( Mah. ), Límbu, Nímbu ( Guz. , Punj. ), Dehi ( Cing. ), Sámyá-si, Tambiya-sí ( Burm. ), Limowe Nipis ( Malay ). 231. The fresh juice of the Lime is a valuable resource to the Indian practitioner. In Scurvy it deservedly ranks highest in our list of remedies, and should be taken to the extent of not less than

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Moringa, or Horseradish Tree.

Moringa, or Horseradish Tree.

Shájnah, Ségvá ( Hind. ), Mungé-ká-jhár ( Duk. ), Sojná ( Beng. ), Sohánjná ( Punj. ), Morúnga, Murungai ( Tam. ), Munaga ( Tel. ), Murinna ( Mal. ), Nugge-gidá ( Can. ), Munagácha-jháda ( Mah. ), Murungá ( Cing. ), Dándalon-bin ( Burm. ), Kaylor, Ramoongie ( Malay ). 237. The fresh root of this tree closely resembles in taste, smell, and general appearance, the common Horseradish of Europe, hence its ordinary name amongst Anglo-Indians. There is good reason for supposing that it possesses simil

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Mudar.

Mudar.

Ák, Ákond, Madár ( Hind. , Punj. ), Ák, Akrá, ( Duk. ), Ák, Ákondo ( Beng. ), Ak-a-múl ( Kash. ), Erukku or Erukkam ( Tam. ), Jillédu-chettu, Mándáramu ( Tel. ), Erukka ( Mal. ), Yakkeda-gidá ( Can. ), Ákda-cha-jháda ( Mah. ), Ákda-nu-jháda ( Guz. ), Vára, Vára-gaha ( Cing. ), Mayo-bin ( Burm. ), Ramegu ( Malay ). 241. One or other of the above species of Calotropis is found everywhere in India, and although some doubt exists as to which of them is the Mudar which some years since attained high

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Mustard.

Mustard.

Rái Ráyán ( Hind. , Duk. ), Rái ( Beng. , Punj. ), Ásúr ( Kash. ), Kadugú ( Tam. ), Áválu ( Tel. ), Katuka ( Mal. ), Sásave ( Can. ), Moharé ( Mah. ), Ráyi ( Guz. ), Abbé ( Cing. ), Munniyén-zi ( Burm. ), Biji Sa-sarvi ( Malay ). 245. English Mustard imported in bottles is procurable in most of the large bazaars, or is met with as an article of domestic economy in the household of almost every European. If not at hand, however, the common country Mustard seed may be substituted, especially in th

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Myrobalans, Chebulic.

Myrobalans, Chebulic.

Har, Harrá, Pilé-har ( Hind. ), Haldá, Harlá, Pílá-halrá ( Duk. ), Hárítakí, Hórá ( Beng. ), Zard halélá ( Punj. , Kash. ), Kadú-káy ( Tam. ), Karakkáya ( Tel. ), Katukká ( Mal. ), Alale-káyi ( Can. ), Hiradá ( Mah. ), Harlé, Pílo-harlé ( Guz. ), Aralu ( Cing. ), Buah Kaduka ( Malay ). 255. Chebulic Myrobalans, met with in all the bazaars of India, are of an ovoid shape, about an inch in length, sometimes tapering towards the lower extremity, round or obscurely five- or six-sided, more or less f

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Ním Tree or Margosa.

Ním Tree or Margosa.

Nínb, Nímb ( Hind. ), Ním, ( Duk. , Beng. , Punj. ), Vémbu, Véppam, Véppa-marum ( Tam. ), Véppa-chettu, Ním-bamu ( Tel. ), Véppa, Aviya-véppa ( Mal. ), Bévina-mará ( Can. ), Límbacha, jháda ( Mah. ), Límbdanu-jháda ( Guz. ), Kohum-ba, Nímba-gahá ( Cing. ), Tamá-bin, Kamákha ( Burm. ), Dawoon Nambu, Baypay ( Malay ). 258 b . The Ním Tree, according to Dr. Pulney Andy ( Madras Jour. of Med. Sci. , vol. xi. (1867), p. 105), is held in veneration by the Hindús as being dedicated to the goddess Maria

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Nitre, Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.

Nitre, Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.

Shórá ( Hind. , Duk. , Punj. ), Sórá ( Beng. ), Saféd-shora ( Kash. ), Pot-luppu ( Tam. ), Peti-luppu, Shúrá-karam ( Tel. ), Veti-uppa ( Mal. ), Pet-luppu ( Can. ), Shóra-mítha ( Mah. ), Sóro-khár ( Guz. ), Pot-lunu, Vedi-lunu ( Cing. ), Yán-zin ( Burm. ), Sun-dawa ( Malay ). In Kashmir the term Shorá means Gunpowder, hence one must speak of White Gunpowder ( Saféd Shorá ), which is the name of Nitre, if it is wished to procure it. (Dr. Aitchison.) 263. Nitre is obtainable in most of the bazaars

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Nutmegs and Mace.

Nutmegs and Mace.

Nutmegs. Jáé-phal ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. ), Záfal ( Kash. ), Jádi-káy ( Tam. ), Jájí-kaya ( Tel. ), Játi-ká ( Mal. ), Jaji-káyi ( Can. ), Jái-phal ( Mah. , Punj. ), Jáye-phal ( Guz. ), Jádi-ká, Sádi-ká ( Cing. ), Zádi-phu ( Burm. ), Buah-pala ( Malay ). 272. Mace. Jáé-patrí ( Hind. , Can. , Tel. , Guz. ), Jótri ( Beng. ), Jáuntari ( Punj. ), Jów-watir ( Kash. ), Jádi-pattírí, ( Tam. , Mal. ), Vasá-vási ( Cing. ), Zadi-phu-apóén ( Burm. ), Bunga-pala ( Malay ). 273. Nutmegs and Mace, generally pr

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Opium.

Opium.

Afyún ( Hind. ), Afím ( Duk. ), Afím, Afín ( Beng. , Punj. , Kash. ), Abini ( Tam. ), Abhini ( Tel. ), Kasha-kasha-karappá ( Mal. ), Afímu ( Can. ), Afín ( Mah. ), Afím ( Guz. ), Abin ( Cing. ), Bhain, Bhín ( Burm. ), Afíun ( Malay ). 276. Opium is one of the most valuable medicines we possess when properly employed, but as it is very powerful in its operation, it may be productive of great mischief if used without care and caution, or in unsuitable cases . 277. The Opium procurable in the bazaa

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Papaw Tree.

Papaw Tree.

Popaiyáh ( Hind. ), Popáí ( Duk. ), Papaiyá ( Beng. ), Pappáyi ( Tam. ), Boppáyí ( Tel. , Can. ), Pappáya ( Mal. ), Pópayá ( Mah. ), Papáyi ( Guz. ), Pepolká ( Cing. ), Pimbo-si ( Burm. ), Papaya ( Malay ). 295. The fresh milky juice of the Papaw has been successfully employed in the treatment of Worms, especially the common Round Worm or Lumbricus . The juice should be collected as it flows out from incisions made in the unripe fruit; a table-spoonful suffices for a dose for an adult. It should

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Pedalium Murex.

Pedalium Murex.

Bará-ghókrú ( Hind. , Dak. , Beng. ), Ánai-nerunji, Peru-neranji ( Tam. ), Enuga-palléru-mullu, Káítu-nerinjil ( Tel. ), Ána-nerinnil, Káttu-nerinnil ( Mal. ), Ánne-galu-gidá ( Can. ), Hattí-charátté ( Mah. ), Motte-ghókru ( Guz. ), Ati-naranchi ( Cing. ), Sulegí ( Burm. ). 297. This small plant, with its yellow flowers and sharp-spined seed vessel, exhaling when bruised the odour of musk, is common on dry sandy localities, especially on the seaboard of most parts of Southern India. The fresh le

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Pepper, Black.

Pepper, Black.

Kálí-mirch, Gól-mirch ( Hind. , Punj. ), Kálí-mirchí ( Duk. ), Kálá-morich, Gól-morich ( Beng. , Punj. ), Martz ( Kash. ), Milagu, Mulagu ( Tam. ), Miriyálu ( Tel. ), Kuru-mulaka ( Mal. ), Menasu ( Can. ), Miré ( Mah. ), Kálo-mirich, Miri ( Guz. ), Kalu-miris ( Cing. ), Náyu-kon ( Burm. ), Lada hitam ( Malay ). Black pepper, when fresh and of good quality, is a useful stimulant and stomachic in doses of from 10 to 15 grains or more. 299. In Cholera the following pills were formerly held in high

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Physic Nut Plant.

Physic Nut Plant.

Jangle-arandí ( Hind. , Guz. ), Jangli-yarandi ( Duk. ), Erandá-gách, Bon-bhérandá ( Beng. ), Kátt-áma-naku ( Tam. ), Pépalam ( Tel. ), Káttá-vanaka ( Mal. ), Bettada-haralu ( Can. ), Rána-yerandi ( Mah. ), Val-endaru, Erandu ( Cing. ), Késu-gi, Simbo-késu ( Burm. ). 302. A common plant in waste places throughout India. The seeds, which in their native state are an acro-narcotic poison, yield on expression about 30 per cent. of a pale yellow oil, which in doses of 12 to 15 drops acts as a purgat

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Plantago, or Ispaghúl Seed.

Plantago, or Ispaghúl Seed.

Ispaghúl, Isbaghól ( Hind. ), Isapghól ( Duk. , Punj. ), Eshopgól ( Beng. ), Ís-mogul ( Kash. ), Ishappukól-virai, Iskól-virai ( Tam. ), Isapagála-vittulu ( Tel. ), Isabakólu ( Can. ), Isabagóla ( Mah. ), Isapghól ( Guz. ). 303. Ispaghúl seeds, ovate-elliptical, concave, about an eighth of an inch in length, of a greyish colour, yielding to water an abundance of tasteless mucilage, are procurable in most bazaars, and constitute a highly useful demulcent medicine. 304. In Dysentery and Diarrhœa t

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The Plantain or Banana Tree.

The Plantain or Banana Tree.

Kélah-ká-pér ( Hind. ), Mouz-ká-jhár ( Duk. ), Kéla-gáchh ( Beng. ), Kadali ( Tam. ), Kadali, Arati-chettu ( Tel. ), Vázha-marum ( Mal. ), Bálegida ( Can. ), Kéla-jháda ( Mah. ), Kéla-nu-jháda ( Guz. ), Kehal-gahá ( Cing. ), Napiyá-bin ( Burm. ). 307. The Plantain, or Banana-tree, is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical portion of both hemispheres for the sake of its fruit, which forms a valuable article of diet, and in the dried state is of no mean value as an anti-scorbutic (See Art.

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Plumbago rosea.

Plumbago rosea.

Lál-chíta, Lál-chítarak ( Hind. ), Lál-chitarmúl ( Duk. ), Rakto-chitá ( Beng. ), Chitra ( Punj. ), Shitranj ( Kash. ), Shivappu-chittira-múlam, Kodi-múli ( Tam. ), Erra-chitra-múlam ( Tel. ), Chenti-kotuvéli ( Mal. ), Kempu-chitra-múlá ( Can. ), Támbada-chitramúla ( Mah. ), Ratnitúl ( Cing. ), Kin-khen-ní ( Burm. ), Chiraka-merah ( Malay ). 309. The root of this plant, common in gardens throughout India, is of great value as a means of raising a blister when other articles of the same class are

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Pomegranate Tree.

Pomegranate Tree.

Anár-ká-pér ( Hind. ), Anár-ká-jhár ( Duk. ), Dálimgásh ( Beng. ), Dháun ( Kash. ), Mádalai-chedi ( Tam. ), Dálimba, Dádima-chettu ( Tel. ), Mátalam-chetti ( Mal. ), Dálimbe-gidá ( Can. ), Dálimba-jhàda ( Mah. ), Dádam-nujháda ( Guz. ), Delun-gahá ( Cing. ), Salé-bin, or Talí-bin ( Burm. ), Dalima ( Malay ). 311. Two parts of the Pomegranate tree, common in gardens and elsewhere throughout India, are employed medicinally, viz., the Rind of the Fruit and the Bark of the Root or Root-Bark. 312. In

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Ptychotis, Ajwain or Omum Seeds.

Ptychotis, Ajwain or Omum Seeds.

Ajváyan ( Hind. ), Ajvain, Ajván ( Beng. ), Ajván ( Duk. ), Ajwain ( Punj. ), Jáwind ( Kash. ), O'mam, or O'mum ( Tam. ), Omamu, Vámamu ( Tel. ), Hómam, Ayamód-kam ( Mal. ), Vóma ( Can. ), Vóvá, Vóva-sádá, ( Mah. ), Ajwán ( Guz. ), Oman, Assamodagam ( Cing. ), Samhún ( Burm. ), Lavinju-larmisi ( Malay ). 316. These small, pungent, aromatic seeds rank deservedly high in the list of native remedies; they are considered to combine the stimulant quality of capsicum or mustard with the bitter propert

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Rice.

Rice.

Chával ( Hind. ), Chánval ( Duk. ), Chál, Chánvol ( Beng. ), Chánwal ( Punj. ), Thomúl ( Kash. ), Arishi ( Tam. ), Biyyam ( Tel. ), Ari ( Mal. ), Akkí ( Can. ), Tándúla ( Mah. ), Chókha ( Guz. ), Hál ( Cing. ), Sán, Chán ( Burm. ), Bras ( Malay ). 322. Rice may be utilised in the following ways in the treatment of disease: a. In the form of Decoction—" Conjee Water ," as it is commonly called, prepared by boiling one ounce of cleansed Rice in a quart of Water for twenty minutes, straining, and f

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Sal Ammoniac.

Sal Ammoniac.

Nousádar ( Hind. ), Nouságar ( Duk. ), Noshágar ( Beng. ), Charám, Navá-charám ( Tam. ), Navá-charám, Nava-ságaram ( Tel. ), Nava-sáram ( Mal. ), Navá-ságára ( Can. ), Nav-sága ( Guz. ), Navá-cháram ( Cing. ), Zavasa ( Burm. ), Namu-charum ( Malay ), Nãushádar ( Punj. ), Nausadan ( Kash. ). 324. Sal Ammoniac, procurable in most Indian bazaars, is generally very impure; occurring in thick translucent cakes or masses of a dirty white or brownish colour, inodorous, of a bitter, acrid taste. To fit

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Sandal-wood Oil.

Sandal-wood Oil.

Sandal-ká-aitr ( Hind. ), Sandal vel Chandan-ká-tél ( Duk. , Punj. ), Safed-chandnúk-til ( Kash. ), Sandal-ká-tel ( Beng. ), Shandanam-talium ( Tam. ), Miniak Chandana ( Malay ). 334. Sandal-Wood Oil is sold commonly in the bazaars, being a favourite native perfume. It has been successfully employed in the treatment of Gonorrhœa . Dr. Aitchison strongly recommends commencing with five-drop doses, each dose to be made up separately, and the oil mixed in the fluid it is to accompany with the aid o

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Senna.

Senna.

Saná, Hindí-saná-ká-pát ( Hind. ), Nát-kí-saná ( Duk. ), Són-pát, Shín-pát ( Beng. ), Sanna-mákhí ( Punj. ), Berg-i-sanna ( Kash. ), Nilá-virai, Níla-vakái ( Tam. ), Néla-tangédu ( Tel. ), Níla-váká ( Mal. ), Nelá-varíke ( Can. ), Sana-kola, Nil-ávari ( Cing. ), Puve-kain-yoe ( Burm. ), Sunna Maki ( Malay ). 336. The imported Senna met with in the bazaars is usually of very inferior quality, consisting of broken pieces of old leaves, pieces of stem, and other rubbish. That grown in India, especi

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Sesamum, Jinjili, or Til Oil.

Sesamum, Jinjili, or Til Oil.

Til-ká-tél, Míthá-tel ( Hind. , Punj. ), Mittá-tél ( Duk. ), Nal-enney ( Tam. ), Manchi-núne ( Tel. ), Nall-enná ( Mal. ), Valle-yanne ( Can. ), Chokhóta-téla ( Mah. ), Mítho-tél ( Guz. ), Talla-tel ( Cing. ), Tíl ( Kash. ), Nahu-sí ( Burm. ), Miniak-bijan ( Malay ). 338. Til or Jingili Oil, met with in all bazaars throughout India, is quite equal, when properly prepared, to Olive Oil for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes. It is advisable always to keep a small stock of it on hand for cases

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Sulphur.

Sulphur.

Gandak, Gandhak ( Hind. , Duk. , Mah. , Guz. , Punj. ), Gandrok ( Beng. ), Gandakam, Gandhakam ( Tam. , Tel. , Mal. , Cing. ), Gandhaká ( Can. ), Kán ( Burm. ), Blerang ( Malay ), Ganduk ( Kash. ). 340. Several kinds of Sulphur are met with in the bazaars, but as their composition is unknown and some of them are reputed to contain a large proportion of arsenic, they are unsuited for internal administration; the better and purer kinds, however, may be safely employed as external applications. 341

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Tamarinds.

Tamarinds.

Anblí ( Hind. ), Amlí, Amlí-ká-bót ( Duk. ), Imlí ( Punj. ), Tamar-i-hind ( Kash. ), Téntúul, Tintúrí, Ámlí ( Beng. ), Puliyam-pazham ( Tam. , Mal. ), Chinta-pandu ( Tel. ), Chinch ( Mah. ), Hunashí-hannu ( Can. ), Ámblí ( Guz. ), Siyambula ( Cing. ), Magi ( Burm. ), Assam-java ( Malay ). 346. The pulp of the fruit, of a reddish-brown colour and acid saccharine taste, is laxative and refrigerant, and made into sherbet with water or milk (in the proportion of one ounce of the pulp to one pint of

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Telini Fly, Mylabris Cichorii.

Telini Fly, Mylabris Cichorii.

Télní, Télní-makkhí ( Hind. ), Zírangí, Bad-bó-kí-zírangí ( Duk. ), Pinsttarin-í ( Tam. ), Ígelu ( Tel. ). 348. This insect is of common occurrence throughout India; it has the following characters: About an inch in length and the third of an inch broad; the elytra, or wing-cases, of an obscure yellow, with three large somewhat zigzag transverse black bands; the first band is interrupted and sometimes reduced to three or four spots. There are met with in various parts of India other allied speci

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Tinospora cordifolia, Miers., Gulancha.

Tinospora cordifolia, Miers., Gulancha.

Gulanchá, Gul-bél ( Hind. ), Gul-bél ( Duk. ), Gul-lanchá ( Beng. ), Giló, Gúlanch ( Punj. ), Bekh-gilló ( Kash. ), Shindi-kodi ( Tam. ), Tippa-tíge, Gadúchi ( Tel. ), Amruta, Chitr-amruta ( Mal. ), Amruta-balli ( Can. ), Gula-vélí ( Mah. ), Gul-vél ( Guz. ), Rasa-kinda ( Cing. ), Sinza-manné, Singomoné ( Burm. ), Piturali, Akar-Sarimtooro ( Malay ). 351 b . This twining shrub is common in most parts of India. The root and stems, which are the parts employed in medicine, should be collected in t

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Toddy.

Toddy.

Séndí, Tári ( Hind. , Duk. ), Kallu ( Tam. ), Kallu ( Tel. ), Henda ( Can. ), Rá ( Cing. ), Tu-ak ( Malay ). There are many kinds of Toddy in India, and they are named according to the plants from which they are produced. The names given above are generic. 355. Amongst its other uses Toddy is valuable as the basis of a very useful stimulant application, the Toddy Poultice , which is to the Indian what the Yeast Poultice is to the European surgeon. It is prepared by adding freshly drawn Toddy to

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Turmeric.

Turmeric.

Halad, Haldí ( Hind. , Duk. , Punj. ), Holodí ( Beng. ), Lidar, Gandar-i-lidar, ( Kash. ), Manjal ( Tam. ), Pasupu ( Tel. ), Mannal, Marin-nala ( Mal. ), Arishiná ( Can. ), Halede ( Mah. ), Halad ( Guz. ), Kahá ( Cing. ), Sanó, Tanún ( Burm. ), Kooneit ( Malay ). 358. Turmeric has been employed in the following affections with excellent effects: 359. In Catarrh, or severe "Cold in the head," the fumes of burning Turmeric inhaled through the nostrils act as a local stimulant or irritant, causing

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Oil of Turpentine.

Oil of Turpentine.

Gandhá-barójé-ká-tél ( Hind. , Punj. ) Gandhá-férózé-ká-tél, Káfúr-ká-tailam ( Duk. ), Kapúrér-tail ( Beng. ), Karppúrat-tailam ( Tam. ), Karppúra-tailam ( Tel. , Mal. ), Karapúrada-tailá ( Can. ), Kápúrácha-tela ( Mah. ), Karpúrnu-tél ( Guz. ), Kapuru-tel ( Cing. ), Piyo-sí ( Burm. ), Nimiak Kapor Baroos ( Malay ), Yárí-kanglun-ki-til ( Kash. ). 362. Oil of Turpentine is procurable in most large bazaars, but not generally sufficiently pure for internal administration. It answers, however, perfe

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Tylophora, or Country Ipecacuanha.

Tylophora, or Country Ipecacuanha.

Antá-múl, Janglí-pikván ( Hind. ), Pit-kárí ( Duk. ), Anto-mul ( Beng. ), Nach-churuppán, Náy-pálai, Péyp-pálai ( Tam. ), Verri-pála, Kukka-pála ( Tel. ), Valli-pála ( Mal. ), Bin-nuga ( Cing. ). 368. This plant is common in sandy localities in Bengal and other parts of India. Its roots and leaves possess valuable emetic properties; the former, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of thick, contorted pieces of a pale colour, and a bitterish, somewhat nauseous taste. As an emetic, and e

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Vateria Indica, Resin of.

Vateria Indica, Resin of.

Suféd-dámar ( Hind. , Duk. ), Kúndro ( Beng. ), Sundras ( Punj. ), Sindrus ( Kash. ), Vellai-kúndrikum ( Tam. ), Dúpa-dámaru, Tella-dámaru ( Tel. ), Vella-kúnturukkam ( Mal. ), Hal, Hal-dumlua ( Cing. ), Guttah rukam putch ( Malay ). In the absence of White Dammar, Black Dammar, the resin of Canarium strictum, Roxb. , may be substituted. Its native names are Kalá-damar ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. ), Karuppu-damar ( Tam. ), Nalla-rojan ( Tel. ), Kálo-damar ( Guz. ). 372. The specimens of White or Pine

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Vernonia Seeds.

Vernonia Seeds.

Sómráj, Bukchí ( Hind. ), Sómráj ( Beng. ), Káttu-shíragam ( Tam. ), Adavi-jila-kara, Visha-kanta-kálu ( Tel. ), Káttu-jírakam ( Mal. ), Kádu-jirage ( Can. ), Ránácha-jíré ( Mah. ), Kadvo-jíri ( Guz. ), Sanni-náegam, Sanni-násang ( Cing. ), Justan hutan ( Malay ). 373 b . The plant which yields these seeds is common in waste places near villages throughout India, and the dried seeds are met with in almost every bazaar; they are about the eighth of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, cover

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Vinegar.

Vinegar.

Sirká ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Punj. , Kash. ), Kádi ( Tam. ), Kádi-nóllu ( Tel. ), Káti ( Mal. ), Hulirasa ( Can. ), Kádi, Vená-kiri ( Cing. ), Pón-ye ( Burm. ), Chuka ( Malay ). 375. Many kinds of Vinegar are met with in India, but as they are of very varying strength and degree of purity the imported English Distilled or White Wine Vinegar should be preferred, when procurable, as it generally may be in large bazaars, for medical purposes. In its absence the best native kinds, especially that

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Water.

Water.

Pání ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Guz. , Mah. , Punj. ) Áb, Sag ( Kash. ), Tanni, Jalam, Nír ( Tam. ), Jalam, Níllu ( Tel. ), Vellam ( Mal. ), Vaturu ( Cing. ), Yé ( Burm. ), Ahyer ( Malay ). 384. Water for medicinal purposes, e.g. , making infusions, decoctions, &amp;c., should be the purest which can be procured. At certain seasons, however, especially during the monsoon, the best water is apt to be so muddy as to be unfit either for medicinal or drinking use. Under these circumstances, recour

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Wax.

Wax.

Móm ( Hind. , Duk. , Beng. , Punj. ), Si'úth ( Kash. ), Mozhukka ( Tam. ), Máinam ( Tel. ), Mezhuka ( Mal. ), Ména ( Can. , Mah. ), Mín ( Guz. ), Ittí ( Cing. ), Phayoui ( Burm. ), Libu lubah ( Malay ). 399. Wax, obtainable of good quality in most bazaars, has no especial medicinal properties; it is, however, extensively used in the formation of ointments, plasters, &amp;c., for the purpose of giving them consistence, and a mildly stimulant action. The following is stated to be an excellent

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Cinchona Febrifuge, or Darjeeling Cinchona Alkaloid.

Cinchona Febrifuge, or Darjeeling Cinchona Alkaloid.

In 1875 Mr. Wood, the Government Quinologist, prepared from the bark of Cinchona succirubra and other species under cultivation at Darjeeling an alkaloid, or rather a mixture of alkaloids, which has received the provisional names of " Darjeeling Cinchona Alkaloid ," and " Cinchona Febrifuge ." A rough analysis shows that it contains: Quinine, 15·5; Cinchonidine, 29·0; Cinchonine, 33·5; Amorphous Alkaloid, 17·0; and Colouring Matter, 5·0 in 100 parts. It occurs in the form of a buff-coloured powd

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Sugar.

Sugar.

Shakar ( Hind. , Duk. ), Bhúra, Chiní ( Beng. ), Misri ( Punj. ), Sakkará, Sharukkarai ( Tam. ), Shakkara ( Tel. ), Sharkkara, Panjasára ( Mal. ), Síní, Sakkere ( Cing. ), Saghia or Tagiya ( Burm. ), Gúla ( Mal. ). 405. This article is not usually regarded as a medicine, but Dr. Aitchison in his valuable notes, points out how he has utilised it as such with excellent effect; and as it is procurable throughout the length and breadth of India, it seems well worthy of notice in this place. Only the

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Petroleum. Rock Oil.

Petroleum. Rock Oil.

Mittí-ká-tél ( Hind. , Duk. ), Mátiyá-tail ( Beng. ), Man-yenney, Man-tayilam ( Tam. , Mal. ), Manti-tayilam, Manti-núné ( Tel. ), Mannunyanné ( Can. ), Mattí-cha-téla ( Mah. ), Mattí-nu-tel ( Guz. ), Yé-ná ( Burm. ). 409 a . Petroleum, a mineral oil, semi-liquid, somewhat of the consistence of treacle, tenacious, semi-transparent, of a deep sherry red or nearly opaque, tar-like brown, with a peculiar though not unpleasant aromatic odour and pungent acrid taste, exudes spontaneously from the roc

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Kerosene Oil.

Kerosene Oil.

Pathar-ka-tél ( Punj. ). 414. Owing to the extensive use of this mineral Oil for lighting purposes during the past few years, it can now be obtained in nearly every bazaar in the country. According to the experience of Dr. Aitchison, no local remedy is so pre-eminently useful in all Skin Diseases as this, especially when of a parasitic origin. It is comparatively of little use in syphilitic eruptions. 415. The oil may be employed pure when no large surface is involved, but if the disease to be t

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Rock Salt.

Rock Salt.

Senda-lon, Senda-namak ( Hind. , Duk. ), Indúppú ( Tam. , Tel. ), Intúppa ( Mal. ), Nímak, Lun ( Punj. ). 418. Rock Salt occurs in large masses varying in weight from 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 lb.: dull or brownish-white externally, white and crystalline internally, of a pure saline taste; procurable in all large Indian bazaars at four or five annas per lb. Though known to be a mere variety of Chloride of Sodium (common salt) it is possessed of far stronger purgative properties, it is also stronger than

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Mutton Broth and Beef Tea.

Mutton Broth and Beef Tea.

Take a pound of meat, free from fat; chop it up fine, and let it stand for one hour in a pint of cold water. Then add half a dozen Okra (1) cut transversely, and boil at a gentle heat to half a pint; strain and flavour with salt and pepper to taste. It should be freshly prepared daily. 420....

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Chicken Broth.

Chicken Broth.

This is prepared in the same manner as the preceding, a full-grown fowl being substituted for the pound of meat. The two essential points to be attended to being that the flesh is cut small or well bruised, and that it stands for an hour in cold water previous to being put on the fire. Half-grown fowls will answer for children. Like the preceding, it should be prepared fresh daily. 421....

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Raw Meat Juice.

Raw Meat Juice.

The juice of raw meat is an invaluable remedy in sickness, more especially in the many diseases of the intestinal canal from which Europeans suffer in Indian, whether during infancy or in adult life. For obtaining this juice any meat will do, but beef is to be preferred. From a piece, say, a pound in weight, remove all the fat; then mince the meat; after which cover the mince with as much water as it will absorb in four or five minutes; then reduce the soft mass into a pulp in a mortar by means

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Rice Milk.

Rice Milk.

Boil one table-spoonful of ground Rice with a pint and a half of Milk, or equal parts of milk and water; stir it smooth, and boil for two minutes; flavour with sugar and nutmeg. A very nourishing food for children. 423....

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Arrowroot.

Arrowroot.

Take a table-spoonful of the best Arrowroot, and make it into a thin paste with a little water; then add gradually half a pint of boiling water, stirring it the whole time. Put it on the fire for two or three minutes, still continuing to stir it till the whole is uniformly mixed; then remove it from the fire and add grated nutmeg, sugar, &amp;c., to taste. If made with milk instead of water, it is more nourishing, but when the stomach is weak it sometimes disagrees, and then water is prefera

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Sago.

Sago.

Add a table-spoonful of the best Sago to a pint of Water, and let it stand for two hours, then boil for a quarter of an hour, stirring the whole time, till it forms a clear uniform jelly. Remove from the fire, and flavour with sugar, nutmeg, &amp;c. 425. ( Puss-Pass )....

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Pish-Pash.

Pish-Pash.

This is a regular Indian dish for invalids, and consists of fresh meat cooked amongst rice. Usually a chicken is cut up into small pieces, put into the bottom of a small pan, to which are added three table-spoonfuls of rice, well cleaned, and over the whole is poured two breakfast-cupfuls of cold water. This is now allowed to cook over a slow fire for three or four hours. Spices and salt, of course, can be added during the cooking process. If the patient is extremely ill the rice part alone is u

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Brandy Mixture.

Brandy Mixture.

Take of Brandy and of Water each four table-spoonfuls, the yolks of two eggs, and half an ounce of powdered white sugar. Beat the yolks and sugar well together, then add the spirit and water, and flavour with grated cinnamon or nutmeg. This is a valuable stimulant and restorative in the low forms and advanced stages of Fever , Smallpox , Measles , Exhausting Hæmorrhages , Cholera , and other cases where the vital powers are greatly depressed. The dose for adults is from one to three table-spoonf

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White Wine Whey.

White Wine Whey.

Take one pint of fresh Milk, add Mace, Nutmeg and Cinnamon, with Sugar to taste. Put it on a clear slow fire, stirring until the milk is on the point of boiling over. Then take it off, and throw in one or two wineglassfuls of Sherry or Madeira. Put it on the fire again, stirring it gently one way until it curdles; then remove, and strain through cloth or muslin. This taken at bedtime, the patient being well covered with clothes, so as to produce copious perspiration, has often an excellent effec

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Egg Wine.

Egg Wine.

Beat up one Egg (both yolk and white) with a table-spoonful of cold Water. On this pour a mixture of a glass of Sherry and half a glass of water previously heated together (not boiling), stirring all the time. Then sweeten with white sugar, and add a little grated nutmeg, to taste. Taken in this form it is more digestible, but its flavour is improved by heating the ingredients in a clean saucepan over a gentle fire (not to boiling), stirring them one way till they thicken. This, with a small pie

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Strengthening Jelly.

Strengthening Jelly.

Steep two ounces of Isinglass or Prepared Gelatine, one ounce of Gum Arabic, five ounces of Sugar Candy, and a grated Nutmeg in a bottle of Port wine all night. In the morning, simmer over a slow fire till quite dissolved; then strain and set aside in a cool place till it forms a firm jelly. A piece the size of a nutmeg may be taken five or six times a day. This jelly is admirably suited for cases of debility when the stomach is unable to bear animal food. The numbers have reference to the parag

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Treatment to Restore Natural Breathing.

Treatment to Restore Natural Breathing.

Rule 1. — To maintain a Free Entrance of Air into the Windpipe. —Cleanse the mouth and nostrils; [3] open the mouth; draw forward the patient's tongue, and keep it forward; an elastic band over the tongue and under the chin will answer this purpose. Remove all tight clothing from about the neck and chest. Rule 2. — To adjust the Patient's Position. —Place the patient on his back on a flat surface, inclined a little from the feet upwards; raise and support the head and shoulders on a small firm c

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Treatment after Natural Breathing has been Restored.

Treatment after Natural Breathing has been Restored.

Rule 5. — To induce Circulation and Warmth. —Wrap the patient in dry blankets and commence rubbing the limbs upwards, firmly and energetically. The friction must be continued under the blankets or over the dry clothing. Promote the warmth of the body by the application of hot flannels, bottles or bladders of hot water, heated bricks, &amp;c., to the pit of the stomach, the armpits, between the thighs, and to the soles of the feet. Warm clothing may generally be obtained from bystanders. On t

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APPEARANCES WHICH GENERALLY INDICATE DEATH.

APPEARANCES WHICH GENERALLY INDICATE DEATH.

There is no breathing or heart's action; the eyelids are generally half closed; the pupils dilated; the jaws clenched; the fingers semi-contracted; the tongue appearing between the teeth, and the mouth and nostrils are covered with a frothy mucus. Coldness and pallor of surface increase. [3] A good plan is to turn the body gently over for a few seconds with the face to the ground, one of the hands being placed under the forehead. By this means the water will run out of the mouth and the tongu

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PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED BY PERSONS RESIDING IN SNAKE-INFESTED LOCALITIES.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED BY PERSONS RESIDING IN SNAKE-INFESTED LOCALITIES.

That prevention is better than cure is admitted on all hands; hence those persons whose lot is cast in snake-infested localities will do well to lay to heart the following passage from the official "Report on Indian and Australian Snake-poisoning," by Drs. Joseph Ewart, Vincent Richards, and S. Coull Mackenzie (Calcutta, 1874). The poisonous snakes of India, as a general rule, "are, until provoked, perfectly inoffensive to all animals not required by them as food. They seldom assume the aggressi

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APPENDIX C. METHOD OF TREATMENT OF SMALL-POX BY MEANS OF CARBOLISED OIL.

APPENDIX C. METHOD OF TREATMENT OF SMALL-POX BY MEANS OF CARBOLISED OIL.

My reason for giving this treatment of small-pox in detail is the frequent presence of the disease in India, in an epidemic form amongst the natives, with the hope that it may prove useful in ameliorating it, and thus save many useful lives which otherwise would probably succumb to its ravages from the terrible purulent discharge acted upon by a hot climate, creating a form of disease scarcely known in colder latitudes. Before attending upon or assisting in the treatment of a case of small-pox,

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APPENDIX D. THE CLINICAL THERMOMETER.

APPENDIX D. THE CLINICAL THERMOMETER.

The possession of a self-registering Clinical Thermometer in every household, in a tropical or malarious climate is a necessity, more especially when at a distance from medical aid. It is a means for assisting to ascertain most accurately, in a very few minutes, whether a child or patient is really ill, and the necessity there might be for the administration of remedies; for calling in other and more proficient assistance; or to allay anxiety that might have accrued from a nervous fear, when pos

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MEDICINES.

MEDICINES.

(These had better be purchased from some good firm of chemists and druggists.) All should be kept in glass-stoppered, or well-corked bottles, protected, as far as possible, from the action of light and heat, and placed under lock and key; some special person being responsible for their being given out for use. (It is as well to note here that all the Poisonous drugs and their preparations that are being dispensed should be equally carefully cared for, and placed in a special locker of their own,

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