41 chapters
12 hour read
Selected Chapters
41 chapters
THE GREAT COMPANY BEING A HISTORY OF THE HONOURABLE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS-ADVENTURERS TRADING INTO HUDSON'S BAY
THE GREAT COMPANY BEING A HISTORY OF THE HONOURABLE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS-ADVENTURERS TRADING INTO HUDSON'S BAY
BY BECKLES WILLSON WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL Present Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company WITH ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY ARTHUR HEMING AND MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK DODD, MEAD & COMPANY 1900 Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, by The Copp, Clark Company, Limited , Toronto, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. TO The Right Honourable SIR WILFRID LAURIER, G.C.M.G., TO WH
39 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
PREFACE.
PREFACE.
Praiseworthy as the task is of unifying the scattered elements of our Canadian story, yet it will hardly be maintained that such historical studies ought not to be preceded by others of a more elementary character. Herein, then, are chronicled the annals of an institution coherent and compact—an isolated unit. The Hudson's Bay Company witnessed the French dominion in Northamerica rise to its extreme height, decline and disappear; it saw new colonies planted by Britain; it saw them quarrel with t
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
Mr. Beckles Willson has asked me to write a short introduction for his forthcoming book on the Hudson's Bay Company, and it gives me great pleasure to comply with his request. It is gratifying to know that this work has been undertaken by a young Canadian, who has for some years had a laudable desire to write the history of what he appropriately calls "The Great Company," with whose operations the development of the Western parts of Canada has been so closely connected. The history of the Compan
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I. 1660-67.
CHAPTER I. 1660-67.
Effect of the Restoration on Trade—Adventurers at Whitehall—The East India Company Monopoly—English interest in North America—Prince Rupert's claims—The Fur Trade of Canada—Aim of the Work. That page in the nation's history which records the years immediately following the Restoration of the Stewarts to the English throne, has often been regarded as sinister and inauspicious. Crushed and broken by the long strain of civil war, apparently bankrupt in letters, commerce and arms, above all, sick of
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II. 1659-1666.
CHAPTER II. 1659-1666.
Groseilliers and Radisson—Their Peregrinations in the North-West—They Return to Quebec and lay their Scheme before the Governor—Repulsed by him they Proceed to New England—And thence Sail for France, where they Endeavour to Interest M. Colbert. The year 1659, notable in England as the last of the Puritan ascendancy and the herald of a stirring era of activity, may be reckoned as the first with which the annals of the Great Company are concerned. It is in this year that we first catch a glimpse o
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III. 1667-1668.
CHAPTER III. 1667-1668.
Prince Rupert—His Character—Serves through the Civil War—His Naval Expedition in the West Indies—Residence in France—And ultimately in London—He receives Groseilliers and introduces him to the King. It was a fortunate chance for Medard Chouart des Groseilliers that threw him, as we shall see, into the hands of such a man as Rupert, Prince of England and Bohemia. A dashing soldier, a daring sailor, a keen and enlightened student, a man of parts, and at the age of forty-seven still worshipping adv
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV. 1668-1670.
CHAPTER IV. 1668-1670.
The Prince Visits the Nonsuch —Arrival in the Bay—Previous Voyages of Exploration—A Fort Commenced at Rupert's River—Gillam's Return—Dealing with the Nodwayes—Satisfaction of the Company—A Royal Charter Granted. Early in the morning of the 3rd of June, 1668, without attracting undue attention from the riparian dwellers and loiterers, a small skiff shot out from Wapping Old Stairs. The boatman directed its prow towards the Nonsuch , a ketch of fifty tons, then lying at anchor in mid-Thames, and s
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V. 1668-1670.
CHAPTER V. 1668-1670.
Danger Apprehended to French Dominion—Intendant Talon—Fur Trade Extended Westward—News of the English Expedition Reaches Quebec—Sovereign Rights in Question—English Priority Established. French activity. Although neither the Governor, the Fur Company nor the officials of the Most Christian King at Quebec, had responded favourably to the proposals of Groseilliers, yet they were not long in perceiving that a radical change in their trade policy was desirable. Representations were made to M. Colber
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI. 1671.
CHAPTER VI. 1671.
First Public Sale at Garraway's—Contemporary Prices of Fur—The Poet Dryden—Meetings of the Company—Curiosity of the Town—Aborigines on View. On the seventeenth day of November, 1671, the wits, beaux and well-to-do merchants who were wont to assemble at Garraway's coffee-house, London, were surprised by a placard making the following announcement:—"On the fifth of December, ensuing, There Will Be Sold, in the Greate Hall of this Place, 3,000 weight of Beaver Skins, [16] comprised in thirty lotts,
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII. 1671-1673.
CHAPTER VII. 1671-1673.
Mission of the Père Albanel—Apprehension at Fort Charles—Bailey's Distrust of Radisson—Expedition to Moose River—Groseilliers and the Savages—The Bushrangers Leave the Company's Service—Arrival of Governor Lyddal. While the Honourable Company of Adventurers was holding its meetings in Mr. Alderman Horth's house, and gravely discussing its huge profits and its motley wares, an event was happening some thousands of miles away which was to decide the fate, for some years at least, of the two pictur
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII. 1673-1682.
CHAPTER VIII. 1673-1682.
Progress of the Company—Confusion as to the Names and Number of the Tribes—Radisson goes to Paris—His Efforts to Obtain Support there, and from Prince Rupert, in England, Fail—Arrival of M. de la Chesnaye—With his help Radisson Secures Support—And Sails for Quebec—Thence Proceeds with Two Ships to Attack the English Ports in Hudson's Bay—His Encounters with Gillam's Expedition from London, and his Son's, from New England. Rapidly advancing in prosperity and reputation, and possessed of a basis o
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX. 1682-1683.
CHAPTER IX. 1682-1683.
Death of Prince Rupert—The Company's Difficulty in Procuring Proper Servants—Radisson at Port Nelson—The two Gillams—Their Meeting—Capture of the New England Party—The First Scotchman in the Bay—Governor Bridgar Carried off Prisoner—Indian Visitors to the Fort—Disasters to the Ships—The French Burn the Island Fort—Radisson's Harangue to the Indians—Return to France. Death of Prince Rupert. On the 28th of November, 1682, at his house in Spring Garden, died the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay C
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X. 1684-1687.
CHAPTER X. 1684-1687.
Hays writes to Lord Preston—Godey sent to Radisson's lodgings—La Barre's strenuous efforts—Radisson returns to the English—He leaves for the Bay—Meets his nephew Chouart—Fort Bourbon surrendered to the Company—Radisson's dramatic return to London. Lord Preston informed of the return of Radisson and Groseilliers. Lord Preston, who, in the year 1684, held the post of Ambassador Extraordinary of King Charles II. at the Court of Versailles, was advised of the return to Paris of the bushranger Radiss
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI. 1683-1686.
CHAPTER XI. 1683-1686.
Feigned Anger of Lewis—He writes to La Barre—Importance Attached to Indian Treaties—Duluth's zeal—Gauthier de Comportier—Denonville made Governor—Capture of the Merchant of Perpetuana —Expedition of Troyes against the Company's Posts in the Bay—Moose Fort Surrendered. When the news of the expedition of 1684 reached the Court of Versailles, Lewis professed anger that the peace between the two crowns should be broken even in that remote corner of the world. He related the discussion which had take
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII. 1686-1689.
CHAPTER XII. 1686-1689.
The French Attack upon Fort Rupert—Governor Sargeant Apprised—Intrepidity of Nixon—Capture of Fort Albany—Disaster to the Churchill —The Company Hears the ill News—Negotiations for Colonial Neutrality—Destruction of New Severn Fort—Loss of the Hampshire —The Revolution. Undecided whether to next attack Fort Rupert or Fort Albany, the Chevalier de Troyes was prompted to a decision through learning that a boat containing provisions had left Moose Factory on the previous day bound for Rupert's Rive
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII. 1689-1696.
CHAPTER XIII. 1689-1696.
Company's Claims Mentioned in Declaration of War—Parliament Grants Company's Application for Confirmation of its Charter—Implacability of the Felt-makers—Fort Albany not a Success in the hands of the French—Denonville urges an Attack upon Fort Nelson—Lewis Despatches Tast with a Fleet to Canada—Iberville's Jealousy prevents its Sailing to the Bay—Governor Phipps Burns Fort Nelson—Further Agitation on the part of the French to Possess the West Main—Company Makes another attempt to Regain Fort Alb
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV. 1696-1697.
CHAPTER XIV. 1696-1697.
Imprisoned French Fur-Traders Reach Paris—A Fleet under Iberville Despatched by Lewis to the Bay—Company's four Ships precede them through the Straits—Beginning of a Fierce Battle—The Hampshire Sinks—Escape of the Dering and capture of the Hudson's Bay —Dreadful Storm in the Bay—Losses of the Victors—Landing of Iberville—Operations against Fort Nelson—Bailey Yields—Evacuation by the English. The French prisoners captured in the Company's expedition of 1696 suffered an incarceration of nearly fou
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV. 1698-1713.
CHAPTER XV. 1698-1713.
Petition Presented to Parliament Hostile to Company—Seventeenth Century Conditions of Trade— Coureurs de Bois —Price of Peltries—Standard of Trade Prescribed—Company's Conservatism—Letters to Factors—Character of the Early Governors—Henry Kelsey—York Factory under the French—Massacre of Jérémie's Men—Starvation amongst the Indians. Before the news of the catastrophe could reach England, in April, 1698, there was presented to Parliament a petition appealing against the confirmation of the privile
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI. 1697-1712.
CHAPTER XVI. 1697-1712.
Company Seriously Damaged by Loss of Port Nelson—Send an Account of their Claims to Lords of Trade—Definite Boundary Propositions of Trade—Lewis anxious to Create Boundaries—Company look to Outbreak of War—War of Spanish Succession breaks out—Period of Adversity for the Company—Employment of Orkneymen—Attack on Fort Albany—Desperate Condition of the French at York Fort—Petition to Anne. The Treaty of Ryswick [40] had aimed a severe blow at the prosperity of the Company, [41] in depriving them of
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII. 1712-1720.
CHAPTER XVII. 1712-1720.
Queen Anne Espouses the Cause of the Company—Prior's View of its Wants—Treaty of Utrecht—Joy of the Adventurers—Petition for Act of Cession—Not Pressed by the British Government—Governor Knight Authorized to take Possession of Port Nelson—"Smug Ancient Gentlemen"—Commissioners to Ascertain Rights—Their Meeting in Paris—Matters move slowly—Bladen and Pulteney return to England. At last the Company had triumphed. Its rights had been admitted; the Queen and her ministers were convinced of the justi
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII. 1719-1727.
CHAPTER XVIII. 1719-1727.
The South Sea Bubble—Nation Catches the Fever of Speculation—Strong Temptation for the Company—Pricking of the Bubble—Narrow Escape of the Adventurers—Knight and his Expedition—Anxiety as to their Fate—Certainty of their Loss—Burnet's Scheme to Cripple the French—It Forces them Westward into Rupert's Land. The cause of the Governor's recall lay in the existence of a crisis which promised a happy issue. It arose through the venality of some of the Company's directors, who were victims of the Sout
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIX. 1687-1712.
CHAPTER XIX. 1687-1712.
Hudson's Bay Tribes Peaceful—Effect of the Traders' Presence—Depletion of Population—The Crees and Assiniboines—Their Habits and Customs—Their Numbers—No Subordination Amongst Them—Spirituous Liquors—Effect of Intemperance upon the Indian. Let us imagine for a moment that the Hudson's Bay Company had held traffic with the fierce and implacable Iroquois, the Mohawks or the courageous and blood-thirsty tribes of the Mississippi, instead of with the Crees and Assiniboines. How different would have
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XX. 1685-1742.
CHAPTER XX. 1685-1742.
Errant Tribes of the Bay—The Goose Hunt—Assemblage at Lake Winnipeg—Difficulties of the Voyage—Arrival at the Fort—Ceremony followed by Debauch—Gifts to the Chief—He makes a Speech to the Governor—Ceremony of the Pipe—Trading Begun. The tribes to the west of the Bay led an erratic life. They were without horses, and it was their custom never to remain above a fortnight in one spot, unless they found plenty of game. When they had encamped, and their lodges were built, they dispersed to hunt, meet
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXI. 1725-1742.
CHAPTER XXI. 1725-1742.
System of Licenses re-adopted by the French—Verandrye sets out for the Pacific—His son slain—Disappointments—He reaches the Rockies—Death of Verandrye—Forts in Rupert's Land—Peter the Great and the Hudson's Bay Company—Expeditions of Bering—A North-West Passage—Opposition of the Company to its Discovery—Dobbs and Middleton—Ludicrous distrust of the Explorer—An Anonymous Letter. It has already been observed how fearful had grown the demoralization of the Indians, chiefly through the instrumentali
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXII. 1744-1748.
CHAPTER XXII. 1744-1748.
War again with France—Company takes Measures to Defend its Forts and Property—"Keep your guns loaded"—Prince "Charlie"—His Stock in the Company Confiscated—Further Instructions to the Chief Factors—Another Expedition to Search for a North-West Passage—Parliament Offers Twenty Thousand Pounds Reward—Cavalier Treatment from Governor Norton—Expedition Returns—Dobbs' Enmity—Privy Council Refuse to Grant his Petition—Press-gang Outrages—Voyage of the Seahorse . War with France. In the year 1740 the s
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIII. 1748-1760.
CHAPTER XXIII. 1748-1760.
Parliamentary Committee of Enquiry Appointed—Aim of the Malcontents—Lord Strange's Report—Testimony of Witnesses—French Competition—Lords of Plantations desire to Ascertain Limits of Company's Territory—Defeat of the Labrador Company—Wolfe's Victory—"Locked up in the Strong Box"—Company's Forts—Clandestine Trade—Case of Captain Coats. Parliamentary enquiry. "Mr. Sharpe, the Company's solicitor," we read in the Company's minute-books, under date of March 10th, 1748, "attending the Committee acqua
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIV. 1763-1770.
CHAPTER XXIV. 1763-1770.
Effect of the Conquest on the Fur-trade of the French—Indians again Seek the Company's Factories—Influx of Highlanders into Canada—Alexander Henry—Mystery Surrounding the Albany Cleared Up—Astronomers Visit Prince of Wales' Fort—Strike of Sailors—Seizure of Furs—Measures to Discourage Clandestine Trade. Effect of the Conquest. The conquest of Canada by the English in 1760 [68] had an almost instantaneous effect upon the fur-trade of the French. The system of licenses was swept away with the régi
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXV. 1768-1773.
CHAPTER XXV. 1768-1773.
Reports of the "Great River"—Company despatch Samuel Hearne on a Mission of Discovery—Norton's Instructions—Saluted on his Departure from the Fort—First and Second Journeys—Matonabee—Results of the Third Journey—The Company's Servants in the Middle of the Century—Death of Governor Norton. The "Great River." Some northern Indians, who came to trade at Prince of Wales' Fort in the spring of 1768, brought further accounts of the "Great River," as they persisted in calling it, and also produced seve
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXVI. 1773-1782.
CHAPTER XXVI. 1773-1782.
Company Suffers from the Rivalry of Canadians—Cumberland House built—Debauchery and license of the Rivals—Frobisher Intercepts the Company's Indians—The Smallpox Visitation of 1781—La Pérouse appears before Fort Prince of Wales—Hearne's Surrender—Capture of York Fort by the French—The Post Burned and the Company's Servants carried away Prisoners. The Company was not immediately advised of the ruinous proceedings of the Montreal traders by its governors at York and Churchill. But at length the di
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXVII. 1783-1800.
CHAPTER XXVII. 1783-1800.
Disastrous Effects of the Competition—Montreal Merchants Combine—The North-Westers—Scheme of the Association—Alexander Mackenzie—His two Expeditions Reach the Pacific—Emulation Difficult—David Thompson. Competition of the Canadian traders. For many years up to 1770, before the traders from Canada had penetrated their territory, York Factory had annually sent to London at least 30,000 skins. There were rarely more than twenty-five men employed in the fort at low wages. In 1790 the Company maintai
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXVIII. 1787-1808.
CHAPTER XXVIII. 1787-1808.
Captain Vancouver—La Pérouse in the Pacific—The Straits of Anian—A Fantastic Episode—Russian Hunters and Traders—The Russian Company—Dissensions amongst the Northmen—They send the Beaver to Hudson's Bay—The Scheme of Mackenzie a Failure—A Ferocious Spirit Fostered—Abandoned Characters—A series of Outrages—The affair at Bad Lake. When Mackenzie, in July, 1793, reached the Pacific by land from the east, he had been preceded by sea only three years by Captain George Vancouver, the discoverer of the
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIX. 1808-1812.
CHAPTER XXIX. 1808-1812.
Crisis in the Company's Affairs—No Dividend Paid—Petition to Lords of the Treasury—Factors Allowed a Share in the Trade—Canada Jurisdiction Act—The Killing of MacDonnell—Mowat's Ill-treatment—Lord Selkirk—His Scheme laid before the Company—A Protest by Thwaytes and others—The Project Carried—Emigrants sent out to Red River—Northmen Stirred to Reprisal. England was again at war with France. Napoleon had placed an embargo on English commerce, and to the uttermost corner of Europe was this measure
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXX. 1812-1815.
CHAPTER XXX. 1812-1815.
The Bois-Brulés—Simon McGillivray's Letter—Frightening the Settlers—A second Brigade—Governor McDonnell's Manifesto—Defection of Northmen to the Company—Robertson's Expedition to Athabasca—Affairs at Red River—Cameron and McDonell in uniform—Cuthbert Grant—Miles McDonnell arrested—Fort William—News brought to the Northmen—Their confiscated account-books—War of 1812 concluded. The Bois-Brulés. There had lately been witnessed the rapid growth of a new class—sprung from the loins of Red man and Eur
28 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXI. 1816-1817.
CHAPTER XXXI. 1816-1817.
A New Brigade of Immigrants—Robert Semple—Cuthbert Grant's Letter—The De Meuron Regiment—Assembling of the Bois-Brulés—Tragedy at Seven Oaks—Selkirk at Fort William—McGillivray Arrested—Arrest of the Northmen—Selkirk proceeds to Red River. A new brigade of emigrants had sailed from Stromness. Gloomy and portentous was the prospect which greeted them on their arrival. They beheld their comrades and fellow-countrymen of the previous brigade, who had returned from their exile at Jack River, still g
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXII. 1817-1821.
CHAPTER XXXII. 1817-1821.
The English Government Intervenes—Selkirk at Red River—Makes a Treaty with the Indians—Hostilities at Peace River—Governor Williams makes Arrests—Franklin at York Factory—The Duke of Richmond Interferes—Trial of Semple's Murderers—Death of Selkirk—Amalgamation. Tidings of the brutal massacre of the 19th of June, and the subsequent acts of robbery and bloodshed in the wilderness, reached London in due course, awakening the Imperial authorities to the necessity of at once terminating a strife whic
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXIII. 1821-1847.
CHAPTER XXXIII. 1821-1847.
The Deed Poll—A Governor-in-Chief Chosen—A Chaplain Appointed—New License from George IV.—Trade on the Pacific Coast—The Red River Country Claimed by the States—The Company in California—The Oregon Question—Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825—The Dryad Affair—Lieutenant Franklin's two Expeditions—Red River Territory Yielded to Company—Enterprise on the Pacific. By the terms of the Deed Poll, the immediate control of the Company's affairs in its territory passed from the hands of a committee sitting in
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXIV. 1846-1863.
CHAPTER XXXIV. 1846-1863.
The Oregon Treaty—Boundary Question Settled—Company Proposes Undertaking Colonization of North America—Enmity and Jealousy Aroused—Attitude of Earl Grey—Lord Elgin's Opinion of the Company—Amended Proposal for Colonization Submitted—Opposition of Mr. Gladstone—Grant of Vancouver Island Secured, but Allowed to Expire in 1859—Dr. Rae's Expedition—The Franklin Expedition and its Fate—Discovery of the North-West Passage—Imperial Parliament Appoints Select Committee—Toronto Board of Trade Petitions L
28 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXV. 1863-1871.
CHAPTER XXXV. 1863-1871.
Indignation of the Wintering Partners—Distrust and Misgivings Arise—Proposals of Governor Dallas for the Compensation of the Wintering Partners in Exchange for their Abrogation of Deed Poll—Threatened Deadlock—Position of those in Authority Rendered Untenable—Failure of Duke of Newcastle's Proposals for Surrender of Territorial Rights—The Russo-American Alaskan Treaty—The Hon. W. McDougall's Resolutions—Deputation Goes to England—Sir Stafford Northcote becomes Governor—Opinion of Lord Granville
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXXVI. 1821-1871.
CHAPTER XXXVI. 1821-1871.
The Company still King in the North-West—Its Forts Described—Fort Garry—Fort Vancouver—Franklin—Walla Walla—Yukon—Kamloops—Samuel Black—Mountain House—Fort Pitt—Policy of the Great Company. The Company, in yielding the sovereignty of the Great North-West to Canada, was still a king, though crown and sceptre had been taken from it. Its commercial ascendancy was no whit injured; it is still one of the greatest corporations and the greatest fur company in the world. But new interests have arisen; i
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
THE HUDSON'S BAY POSTS.
THE HUDSON'S BAY POSTS.
In their Report of 28th June, 1872, the Governor and Committee report the details of the varied posts from Ocean to Ocean of the Hudson's Bay Company, as follows:— Statement of Land belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company , exclusive of their claim to one-twentieth of the Land set out for settlement in the "Fertile Belt." WESTERN DEPARTMENT....
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.
THE CHARTER INCORPORATING THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. Granted by His Majesty King Charles the Second, in the 22nd Year of his Reign, A.D. 1670. Charles the Second , by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: Whereas our dear entirely beloved Cousin, Prince Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria and Cumberland, &c.; Christopher Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Crav
38 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter