Hardy Perennials And Old Fashioned Flowers - free ebook by J. G. (John George) Wood

Read as playlist

Hardy Perennials And Old Fashioned Flowers

J. G. (John George) Wood

277 chapters

10 hour read

Read as playlist

Selected Chapters

277 chapters

PREFACE.

PREFACE.

At the present time there is a growing desire to patronise perennial plants, more especially the many and beautiful varieties known as "old-fashioned flowers." Not only do they deserve to be cultivated on their individual merits, but for other very important reasons; they afford great variety of form, foliage, and flower, and compared with annual and tender plants, they are found to give much less trouble. If a right selection is made and properly planted, the plants may be relied upon to appear

3 minute read

Read Chapter

ERRATA.

ERRATA.

For the placing of capital letters uniformly throughout this Volume to the specific names at the cross-headings, and for the omission of many capitals in the body of the type, the printer is alone responsible. Numerous oversights fall to my lot, but in many of the descriptions other than strictly proper botanical terms have been employed, where it seemed desirable to use more intelligible ones; as, for instance, the flowers of the Composites have not always been termed "heads," perianths have so

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ.

Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ.

Otherwise A. Microphylla ; Nat. Ord. Sanguisorbeæ , or Rose Family . The plant, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 1), is small, and its flowers are microscopic, hardly having the appearance of flowers, even when minutely examined, but when the bloom has faded there is a rapid growth, the calyces forming a stout set of long spines; these, springing from the globular head in considerable numbers, soon become pleasingly conspicuous, and this is by far the more ornamental stage of the plant.

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Achillea Ægyptica.

Achillea Ægyptica.

Egyptian Yarrow ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This is an evergreen (though herb-like) species. It has been grown for more than 200 years in English gardens, and originally came, as its name implies, from Egypt. Notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its native country, it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our gardens. I dare say many will think the Yarrows are not worthy of a place in the garden; but it should not be forgotten that not only are fine and useful flowers included in this wor

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Achillea Filipendula.

Achillea Filipendula.

Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This grows 4ft. high, and the foliage, though fern-like, has an untidy appearance, from the irregular way in which it is disposed. It is herbaceous, and comes from the Caucasus. The flowers are somewhat singular, arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character; they are very large, often 5in. across. The smaller corymbs are arched or convex, causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface; the small flowers are of rich old gold colour, and have the appearan

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Achillea Millefolium.

Achillea Millefolium.

Common Milfoil ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This is the well-known wild Yarrow; it is, however, the typical form of a fine variety, called A. m. roseum , having very bright rose-coloured flowers, which in all other respects resembles the wild form. Both as a border subject and for cutting purposes, I have found it useful; it flowers for several months, but the individual blooms fade in four or six days; these should be regularly removed. The freshly-opened corymbs are much admired. Soil and mode of p

29 minute read

Read Chapter

Achillea Ptarmica.

Achillea Ptarmica.

Syns. A. Sylvestris and Ptarmica Vulgaris ; Common Names , Wild Yarrow, Sneezewort, Goose-tongue , and Wild Pellitory ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . A very common British plant, or, I may say, weed, which can live in the most reeky towns, only mentioned here to introduce A. P. fl.-pl. , which is one of the most useful of border flowers. I am bound to add, however, that only when in flower is it more presentable than the weedy and typical form; but the grand masses of pure white bachelors'-button-like f

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Aconitum Autumnale.

Aconitum Autumnale.

Autumn Monk's-hood ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. This is one of the finest subjects for autumn flowering. The whole plant, which stands nearly 3ft. high, is stately and distinct (Fig. 2); the leaves are dark green, large, deeply cut and veined, of good substance, and slightly drooping. The flowers are a fine blue (a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that season), irregularly arranged on very stout stems; in form they exactly resemble a monk's hood, and the m

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Allium Moly.

Allium Moly.

Large Yellow Garlic ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright golden flowers, produced in large heads; they endure a long time and are very effective; it is by far the best yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, there can be few subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant; both leaves and flowers, however, have a disagreeable odour, if in the least bruised. It is a very old plant in Englis

53 minute read

Read Chapter

Allium Neapolitanum.

Allium Neapolitanum.

Neapolitan Allium ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels, and though not so useful in colour as the flowers of A. Moly , they are much superior to those of many of the genus. Flowering period, June to August. Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do for them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be cut by persons who may not b

39 minute read

Read Chapter

Alyssum Saxatile.

Alyssum Saxatile.

Rock Madwort , or Golden Tuft ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . This pleasing and well-known hardy, evergreen, half-woody shrub is always a welcome flower. From its quantity of bloom all its other parts are literally smothered (see Fig. 3). When passing large pieces of it in full blow, its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover fields. Its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent stems, 12in. to 18in. long. The little flowers, from distinct notches in the petals, hav

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anchusa Italica.

Anchusa Italica.

Italian Alkanet ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where there is plenty of room; amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of the situation, but, being a ceaseless bloomer, its tall and leafy stems decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting purposes; and let me add, as, perhaps, many have never tried this fine but common flower in a large vase, the stems, if cut to the length of 18in., and loosely placed in an old-

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anchusa Sempervirens.

Anchusa Sempervirens.

Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . This is a British species, and, as its name denotes, is evergreen; not, let me add, as a tall plant, for the stems wither or at least become very sere, only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh; and though it has many points of difference from A. Italica , such as shorter growth, darker flowers and foliage, and more oval leaves—these form the distinctions most observable. By its evergreen quality it is easily identified in winter. There is also an important differ

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Andromeda Tetragona.

Andromeda Tetragona.

Syn. Cassiope Tetragona ; Nat. Ord. Ericaceæ . A dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, which comes to us from Lapland and North America; though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border, it is rarely seen. It is not one of the easiest plants to grow, which may, to some extent, account for its rarity. Still, when it can have its requirements, it not only thrives well, but its handsome form and flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given. In the culture of this, as of most plants of the

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Alpina.

Anemone Alpina.

Alpine Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . From Austria, the foliage closely resembling that of A. sulphurea , but the flowers are larger and of various colours. It is said to be the parent of A. sulphurea . It flowers in June. See A. sulphurea ....

15 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Apennina.

Anemone Apennina.

Mountain Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of our gardens—in fact, a native species, having a black tuberous root, which forms a distinct, though invisible characteristic of the species. As the old names are somewhat descriptive, I give them—viz., Geranium-leaved Anemone, and Stork's-bill Windflower. The appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is exceedingly cheerful; the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich groundwork for the

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Blanda.

Anemone Blanda.

Fair Windflower , or Blue Grecian Anemone ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a lovely winter flower, of great value in our gardens, from its showiness. It is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the South of Europe and Asia Minor; and though it is not so vigorous under cultivation in our climate as most Windflowers, it proves perfectly hardy. A little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards soil and position, in order to grow it well. It belongs to that section of its num

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Coronaria.

Anemone Coronaria.

Poppy-like Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . Hardy and tuberous. The illustration (Fig. 6) is of the double form, in which it may frequently be seen; also in many colours, as blue, purple, white, scarlet, and striped; the same colours may be found in the single and semi-double forms. There are many shades or half colours, which are anything but pleasing, and where such have established themselves, either as seedlings or otherwise, they should be weeded out, as there are numerous distinct hue

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Decapetala.

Anemone Decapetala.

Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . New, from North America; has a deteriorated resemblance to A. alpina and A. sulphurea (which see). The foliage is much less; the flower stems are numerous, close together, stout, and 9in. to 12in. high; they are also branched, but not spreading. The flowers have seven to ten sepals, are an inch across, and of a creamy white colour. The heads of seed are more interesting than their flowers; they form cotton-like globes, 1½in. diameter, and endure in that state for a fortn

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Fulgens.

Anemone Fulgens.

Shining Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a variety of A. hortensis or A. pavonina , all of which much resemble each other. This very showy flower is much and deservedly admired. In sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at Christmas and continue to bloom for several months. It will be seen by the illustration (Fig. 7) to be a plant of neat habit, and for effect and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced into the garden, especially the

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Japonica.

Anemone Japonica.

Japan Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds; the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour. A. j. vitifolia has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint, and seems to be the hybrid between the type and the most popular variety, viz., A. j. alba —Honorine Jobert—(see Fig. 8). So much has this grown in favour that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species, of which it is but a variety; hence the necessity of pointing

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.

Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.

Double Wood Anemone , or Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is the double form of the common British species; in every part but the flower it resembles the type. The flower, from being double, and perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form in the shaded woods, is much more durable; an established clump has kept in good form for three weeks. The petals (if they may be so called), which render this flower so pleasingly distinct, are arranged in an even tuft, b

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Pulsatilla.

Anemone Pulsatilla.

Pasque Flower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A British species. This beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our gardens, and is deservedly a great favourite. It may not be uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the Easter Flower, as in every way this is not only an old plant, but an old-fashioned flower. "Passe Flower" and "Flaw Flower" come from the above common names, being only derivations, but in Cambridgeshire, where it grows wild, it is called "Coventry Bells" and "H

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Stellata.

Anemone Stellata.

Star Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ. This gay spring flower (Fig. 10) comes to us from Italy, but that it loves our dull climate is beyond doubt, as it not only flowers early, but continues for a long time in beauty. A. hortensis is another name for it, and there are several varieties of the species, which mostly vary only in the colours of the flowers, as striped, white and purple. The typical form, as illustrated, is seen to be a quaint little plant; its flowers are large, of a shining li

59 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Sulphurea.

Anemone Sulphurea.

Sulphur-coloured Windflower ; Syn. A. Apiifolia ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ. This is a grandly beautiful Windflower from Central Europe. The names, combined with the illustration (Fig. 11), must fail to give the reader a proper idea of its beauty; the specific name in reference to the colour falls far short, and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and numerous finely-coloured stamens; and the drawing can in no way illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals; there is also a softn

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Sylvestris.

Anemone Sylvestris.

Snowdrop A .; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This hardy herbaceous species comes from Germany, but it has been grown nearly 300 years in this country, It is distinct, showy, and beautiful; it ranks with "old-fashioned" flowers. Of late this Windflower has come into great favour, as if for a time it had been forgotten; still, it is hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked. However, it is well and deservedly esteemed at the present time; and, although many have proved the plant

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Anemone Vernalis.

Anemone Vernalis.

Shaggy Windflower ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A curious but pretty alpine species, from the Swiss Alps, consequently very hardy. It is not a showy subject, but its distinctions are really beautiful, and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a recherché character. The illustration (Fig. 12) will give some idea of it, but no description can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers, which are produced singly, on short, stout, hairy stems, about 5in. high. For so small a plant the fl

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Anthericum Liliago.

Anthericum Liliago.

St. Bernard's Lily ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This may be grown as a companion to St. Bruno's Lily, though not so neat in habit or rich in bloom. In all respects it is very different. It is taller, the flowers not half the size, and more star-shaped, foliage more grassy, and the roots creeping and jointed. All the Anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil, but prefer a fat loam of considerable depth. If, therefore, such conditions do not exist, there should be a good dressing of well-rotted s

41 minute read

Read Chapter

Anthericum Liliastrum.

Anthericum Liliastrum.

St. Bruno's Lily ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This charming plant is a native of Alpine meadows, and is known by other names, as Paradisia and Cyackia , but is more commonly called St. Bruno's Lily. It is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome flowers that can be grown in English gardens, where, as yet, it is anything but as plentiful as it ought to be. Not only is it perfectly hardy in our climate, but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly. It is fast becoming a favourite, and it is prob

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Anthyllis Montana.

Anthyllis Montana.

Mountain Kidney Vetch ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . For rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects. It is seldom seen, though easy to grow, perfectly hardy, and perennial. It is classed as an herbaceous plant, but it is shrubby, and on old specimens there is more wood than on many dwarf shrubs. It is of a procumbent habit, and only 4in. to 6in. high in this climate. It comes from the South of Europe, where it probably grows larger. In early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leav

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Apios Tuberosa.

Apios Tuberosa.

Syn. Glycine Apios ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . This is a pretty climber, or, more strictly speaking, a twiner; it is hardy, tuberous, and perennial. The tubers resemble potatoes, but incline to pear-shape, as implied by the generic name. 240 years ago it was introduced from North America; still, it is seldom met with, notwithstanding its good habit and colour. It is one of those happy subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our gardens; the dark and glossy verdure is charmin

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Arabis Lucida.

Arabis Lucida.

Shining Rock Cress ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . This member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable, for its neat habit and verdancy. There is not a particle of sere foliage to be seen, and it has, moreover, a glossy appearance, whence the specific name. The flowers are not of much effect, though, from their earliness, not without value; they are in the way of the flowers of the more common species, A. alpina , but less in size; they are also more straggling in the raceme; these t

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Aralia Sieboldi.

Aralia Sieboldi.

Siebold's Aralia ; Nat. Ord. Araliaceæ . The present subject (see Fig. 15)—beautiful, hardy, and evergreen—is a species of recent introduction; still, it has already become well known and distributed, so much so that it scarcely needs description; but there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known. It is seldom seen in the open garden, and many amateurs, who otherwise are well acquainted with it, when they see it fresh and glossy in the open garden in the earliest months of

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Arisæma Triphyllum.

Arisæma Triphyllum.

Syns. A. Zebrinum and Arum Triphyllum ; Common Names , Three-leaved Arum and Jack-in-the-Pulpit ; Nat. Ord. Araceæ . A hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from North America. I will at once explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here, but in America, where the species is common, botanists have adopted it; besides, it is, as will be seen from the following description, very distinct from other Arums. The Syn. Arisæma zebrinum , as given, belongs really to a variety of A. tr

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Arum Crinitum.

Arum Crinitum.

Hairy Arum , or Dragon's Mouth ; Nat. Ord. Araceæ . As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 17), this is a most singular plant. It proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected; in other words, it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations, but if planted four or five inches deep, in sandy or half decayed vegetable mould, facing the south, there is little to fear either as regards hardiness or its thriving. I think, therefore, it may be called hardy. It is far more interesting

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Asters.

Asters.

Michaelmas Daisies , or Starworts ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a numerous family, and many of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers—in fact, are not worth growing, save as wild flowers in unfrequented places. I will mention a few of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: A. diversifolius , A. ericoides , A. grandiflorus , A. pendulus , and A. Dumosus , these are all good, both in habit and flowers; ericoides and pendulus make really hand

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Aster Alpinus.

Aster Alpinus.

Alpine Starwort , or Blue Daisy ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . An exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant, which does not die down like most of the Starworts, but has woody stems; it is seldom seen more than a foot high, and its large bright purple flowers seem disproportionate. This is one of the plants which should have a place in every garden, and more especially in rock gardens. There cannot well be a more neat and telling subject; the form and size of its flowers are not often see

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Aster Ptarmicoides.

Aster Ptarmicoides.

Bouquet Starwort ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This Starwort is a very recently-imported species from North America. Like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative flowers, this was highly praised, but for a while its weedy-looking foliage caused suspicion; after becoming well established, it flowered, and, I am glad to say, proves a most distinct and useful Starwort. Its small white flowers much resemble the field daisy, but they are borne on densely-branched stems in hundreds; in f

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Bellis Perennis.

Bellis Perennis.

Common Perennial Daisy ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside, and the weed of our grass-plots, is the parent form of the handsome and popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well known as these flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the fine large double crimson and white kinds—their treatment, for instance—in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest months of the year; and the uses to which th

4 minute read

Read Chapter

Bocconia Cordata.

Bocconia Cordata.

Syn. Macleaya Cordata ; Nat. Ord. Papaveraceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from China. It is a tall and handsome plant; its fine features are its stately habit, finely-cut foliage, and noble panicles of buds and flowers; during the whole progress of its growth it is a pleasing object, but in the autumn, when at the height of 7ft. it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers, over 2ft. long, it is simply grand. There are other names in trade lists, as B. japonica and B. alba , but they are

4 minute read

Read Chapter

Bulbocodium Trigynum.

Bulbocodium Trigynum.

Syns. Colchicum Caucasicum and Merendera Caucasicum ; Nat. Ord. Melanthaceæ . This pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy, flowering in winter. It is a scarce flower, and has recently been represented as a new plant. As a matter of fact, it is not new, but has been known under the above synonymous names since 1823, when it was brought from the Caucasus. In general appearance it is very different from the Colchicum (Sprengle), as may be seen by the drawing (Fig. 21), and Merendera (Bieberst

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Bulbocodium Vernum.

Bulbocodium Vernum.

Spring Bulbocodium , or Spring Saffron ; Nat. Ord. Melanthaceæ . In mild winters, sheltered positions, and light vegetable soil, this bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from January to March. The flowers appear before the leaves, and may, at the first glance, be taken for lilac-coloured croci. Up to a certain stage, however, the colour gradually improves in the direction of purple, and where there are established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by this desirable winte

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.

Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.

Double Marsh Marigold ; Old Common Name , " Meadow Bootes "; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . The typical, or single-flowering variety of this plant is a British species, and a rather common one; but the pleasing habit and bright, finely-formed, orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a suitable plant for any garden. It is herbaceous and perennial, and loves boggy situations. It is, however, very accommodating, and will be found to do well in ordinary garden soil, especially if it be a stiff

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.

Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.

Nat. Ord. Convolvulaceæ . This double Convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from China; it is hardy and perennial. So distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers that they are often taken at the first glance, when cut, for double pyrethrums or chrysanthemums, but, seen in connection with the plant, the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus. The flowers are 2in. to 3in. across, petals long, na

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Grandis.

Campanula Grandis.

Great Bellflower ; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft. Its flowers are large, bright, and numerous; well-established clumps will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather. As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or that can in any way excel it, more especially for town gardens. It is a rampant grower, quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots; in gardens or collections

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Latifolia.

Campanula Latifolia.

Broad-leaved Bellflower ; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . A British species, very much resembling C. grandis , but somewhat taller, and flowering a little earlier; the latter quality has induced me to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before the above is ready. Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for C. grandis ....

18 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Persicifolia.

Campanula Persicifolia.

Peach-leaved Bellflower ; Old Common Names , " Peach-bels " and " Steeple-bels "; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . This good "old-fashioned" perennial has had a place in English gardens for several hundred years; it is still justly and highly esteemed. It is a well-known plant, and as the specific name is descriptive of the leaves, I will only add a few words of Gerarde's respecting the flowers: "Alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels, sometime white, and for the most part, of a faire blewe col

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Pyramidalis.

Campanula Pyramidalis.

Pyramidal or Chimney Campanula ; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . This herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country; it came from Carniola in the year 1594. It is very hardy, and for several months together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers, beginning in July and lasting until stopped by frosts. At no time is it in finer form than in September; at the height of from 5ft. to 7ft. it proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks, where, as regards colour, it supp

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Speciosa.

Campanula Speciosa.

Showy Harebell ; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . A comparatively new species, brought from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes called C. glomerata dahurica . It is a good hardy plant, perennial and herbaceous, and one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct appearance; it nearly resembles C. aggregata , but the latter does not flower until several weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other species of the genus, it is a first-class border flower, having large bells of a fine deep purple colour, and,

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Campanula Waldsteiniana.

Campanula Waldsteiniana.

Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . A rare and distinct alpine species from Carinthia. It proves perfectly hardy in this climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the first water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and rigid; floriferous as many of the Bellflowers are, I know none to excel this one. As may be observed in the following description, there are not a few distinctive traits about it, which, more or less, go to make it a desirable subject for rare and choice collections. The flowers are a glistenin

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Centaurea Montana.

Centaurea Montana.

Mountain Knapweed ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This is an "old-fashioned" and favourite flower. Every one must be familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers; it is sometimes called the large or perennial Cornflower and also the Large Bluebottle. The blue variety has been grown in English gardens since 1596. There are now white and pink coloured varieties, all rampant growers, very hardy and perennial. They are in every way superior to the annual kind, which is so largely grown, the flowers being m

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Centranthus Ruber.

Centranthus Ruber.

Syn. Valeriana Ruber — Red Valerian ; Nat. Ord. Valerianaceæ . This is a strong and vigorous garden plant, with a somewhat shrubby appearance; it is herbaceous, perennial, and sometimes classed as a British species, therefore hardy; but though its classification among British plants is justifiable, it is only so on the ground of its being a naturalised subject, its original habitats being in the South of Europe. It is a favourite and "old-fashioned" flower, and it fully justifies the estimation

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Cheiranthus Cheiri.

Cheiranthus Cheiri.

Common Wallflower ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . This well-known evergreen shrub (see Fig. 24) is more or less hardy in our climate, according to the conditions under which it is grown. Although a native of the South of Europe, it rarely happens, however severe the winter may be in this country, that we are totally deprived of the favourite bouquet of Wallflowers in winter or early spring, while it is equally true that, during the hard weather of one or two recent winters, in numerous gardens every pla

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Cheiranthus Marshallii.

Cheiranthus Marshallii.

Marshall's Wallflower ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . A distinct and very hardy hybrid, being shrubby and tree-like in shape, but withal very dwarf. From the compact habit, abundance and long duration of its flowers, it is well suited for showy borders or lines. It is not yet well known, but its qualities are such that there can be no wonder at its quickly coming to the front where known. It differs from the common Wallflower in being more dwarf and horizontally branched, while the leaves are more bent

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Chionodoxa Luciliæ.

Chionodoxa Luciliæ.

Snow Glory ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy bulbous perennial, from Asia Minor. It has only been cultivated about four years in English gardens; still it has been proved to be as hardy as the squills, which it very much resembles. Mr. Maw, who discovered and introduced it, found it "near the summit of the mountain," which (though it is a native of a much warmer climate than ours) may account for its hardy character. That it is a most beautiful flower is beyond doubt, but there are those who think

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum.

Nat. Ord. Compositæ . The flowers to which I would now refer the reader are of no particular species, but, like several other genera, this genus has been considerably drawn upon or utilised by the hybridiser, and the species, looked upon from a florist's point of view, have been much improved upon by their offspring. Not only are Japan and China the homes of the finer flowering species, but in these countries the Chrysanthemum has been esteemed and highly cultivated for centuries; in fact, such

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Cichorium Intybus.

Cichorium Intybus.

Syns. C. Perenne and C. Sylvestre — Wild Succory or Chicory ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This herbaceous perennial is a native plant, in many parts being very common. Not only, however, do many not know it as a wild flower, but we have the facts that under cultivation it is a distinct and showy plant, and that of late it has come into great request. Its flowers are a pleasing blue, and produced on ample branches, and for mixing with other "old-fashioned" kinds, either in the borders or as cut blooms,

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Clethra Alnifolia.

Clethra Alnifolia.

Alder-leaved Clethra ; Nat. Ord. Ericaceæ . A hardy deciduous shrub, and mentioned in connection with herbaceous perennials because of its rich flowers and dwarf habit. It is a native of North America, having been grown in this country for 150 years; it is not so often met with as it ought to be, though much esteemed. It becomes very productive of flowers when only 2ft. high, but grows somewhat taller when well established; it is more valuable than common from its floriferousness, during late su

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Colchicum Autumnale.

Colchicum Autumnale.

Meadow Saffron ; Common Name , Autumnal Crocus ; Nat. Ord. Melanthaceæ . A native bulbous perennial (see Fig. 25). The Colchicums are often confounded with the autumn-flowering species of croci, which they much resemble when in bloom; the similarity is the more marked by the absence, from both, of their leaves in that season, otherwise the leaves would prove to be the clearest mark of difference. Botanically they are far removed from each other, being of different orders, but there is no need to

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Colchicum Variegatum.

Colchicum Variegatum.

Nat. Ord. Melanthaceæ . This comes from Greece, nevertheless it is perfectly hardy; it is not only peculiarly pretty when closely examined, but a truly handsome flower, either as cut bloom or seen in groups in a growing state. Compared with C. autumnale , it is shorter in the tube, or more dwarf; still, it is a larger flower, and its rosy purple petals, or divisions of the corolla, are more spear-shaped, and each from 2in. to 3in. long; they have a stout and almost white mid-rib, the other parts

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Coreopsis Auriculata.

Coreopsis Auriculata.

Ear-leaved Coreopsis ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . The oldest species of the genus grown in English gardens; its flowers are yellow, but dotted at the base of the ray florets. The leaves, as implied by the name, are dissimilar to other species, being lobed and having ear-like appendages; but this feature is far from constant, and otherwise the leaves differ, being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped (see Fig. 26). It came from North America as long ago as 1699. Slugs are very fond of these plants, and i

45 minute read

Read Chapter

Coreopsis Grandiflora.

Coreopsis Grandiflora.

Large-flowered Coreopsis ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . In many parts this resembles C. lanceolata , its main distinction being implied by its name. The flowers are larger and the ray florets more deeply cut; it is also bolder in the foliage, and the stems grow nearly as strong as willows. It is an abundant bloomer, and a good specimen is a glorious object during the autumn. It comes from North America, but my experience of it is that it is not so hardy as C. lanceolata and C. auriculata . Habit, uses,

31 minute read

Read Chapter

Coreopsis Lanceolata.

Coreopsis Lanceolata.

Spear-leaved Coreopsis ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This form of bright yellow flower is in great favour during August, but that is not all. The various kinds of this genus are plants of the easiest culture, and their rich flowers are produced in great quantities from midsummer to the time the frosts begin. This species has been said to be only of a biennial character; it is, however, understood generally to be perennial, though not quite so hardy as others which come from the colder climates of Amer

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Coreopsis Tenuifolia.

Coreopsis Tenuifolia.

Slender-leaved Coreopsis ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; a native of North America, and a distinct species, from its finely-cut foliage and small, dark, orange-yellow flowers. For several weeks it has a few flowers, but during September it literally covers itself with bloom, so that it is one of the most pleasing objects in the garden. It grows 2 ft. high; each flower has a long nearly nude stalk, slender but wiry; the flowers are 1½in. across, and of a deep yellow colo

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Cornus Canadensis.

Cornus Canadensis.

Canadian Cornell , or Dogwood ; Nat. Ord. Cornaceæ . This pretty herbaceous plant is sometimes said to be a British species; its specific name, however, somewhat forbids that opinion. C. suecica , which is British, is very similar in all its parts, and the two may have been confounded. They flower, however, at very different dates, C. Canadensis beginning in June and continuing until well into autumn; during the month of August the flowers are in their finest form and greatest numbers. It grows

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Corydalis Lutea.

Corydalis Lutea.

Yellow Fumitory ; Nat. Ord. Fumariaceæ . A native herbaceous perennial, though somewhat rare in a wild state. As grown in gardens, where it seems to appreciate cultural attentions, it proves both useful and effective, especially when placed in partial shade (when its foliage has an almost maiden-hair-like appearance), or as an edging it proves both neat and beautiful. It seldom exceeds a foot in height. The flowers are small, a yellow, white and green mixture, the yellow predominating; they are

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Corydalis Nobilis.

Corydalis Nobilis.

Noble or Great-flowered Corydalis ; Nat. Ord. Fumariaceæ . A hardy tuberose perennial, imported from Siberia in 1783. It is one of that section of the Fumitories called "Hollowe Roote," the appropriateness of which name is most amply illustrated in the species now under consideration. If, in the first or second month of the year, a strong specimen is examined, the long and otherwise stout tuberous root will be found, immediately under the healthy and plump crown, to be not only hollow, but so de

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Corydalis Solida.

Corydalis Solida.

Common Name , Fumitory ; Nat. Ord. Fumariaceæ . This is said to be a British species, but it is a doubtful, as well as somewhat scarce one. Though but a small plant of the height of 6in. or 8in., it is very effective, being compact with finely-cut foliage of a pale glaucous green, and the stems pleasingly tinted. For some weeks in early spring it forms a graceful object on rockwork, where it seems to thrive well. The flowers, which are purple, are not showy; still, they are effective from the wa

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Crocus Medius.

Crocus Medius.

Nat. Ord. Iridaceæ . This is a charming kind, seldom seen and, perhaps, little known; the name would imply that it is a variety having equal traits of two other forms. It blooms in January and the flowers appear without any foliage. So well is the Crocus known, it will only be needful to state the more striking features of the one under notice. The flowers are produced on tubes 3in. to 5in. long, and stoutly formed; the colour is a shaded lilac-purple, striped with darker lines; the petals or di

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Cyananthus Lobatus.

Cyananthus Lobatus.

Nat. Ord. Polemonaceæ . A small plant with a large flower, a veritable gem; no collection of choice alpines can be complete without this species. A native of Chinese Tartary, brought to this country in 1844, where it proves perfectly hardy in the most exposed parts of the open garden; it is herbaceous and perennial; its large and brilliant flowers are very beautiful, but all its other parts are small, as may be seen in the illustration (Fig. 31). It is seldom met with except in collections of ra

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Cypripedium Calceolus.

Cypripedium Calceolus.

English Lady's Slipper ; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceæ . This well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare British plant, very beautiful, and much admired, so much so, indeed, that many desire to grow it. It happens, however, that it seldom thrives under cultural treatment, and seems to prefer a home of its own selection, but its habitats are said now to be very few in Great Britain, it having been hunted out and grubbed up everywhere. Fortunately, it can be grown in gardens, and in good form, though rarely s

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Daphne Cneorum.

Daphne Cneorum.

Trailing Daphne ; Common and Poetical Name , Garland Flower ; Nat. Ord. Thymelaceæ . An alpine shrub from Austria; dwarf, evergreen, and having a tendency to creep. It is deservedly a great favourite; it wins admiration by its neat and compact form and its dense and numerous half-globular heads of rosy pink flowers, which are exceedingly fragrant, in the way of the old clove carnation, but more full. The flower buds are formed during the previous season of growth, like those of the rhododendron;

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Daphne Mezereum.

Daphne Mezereum.

Mezereon ; Old Names , Spurge-flax, German Olive-spurge , and Dwarf Bay ; Nat. Ord. Thymelaceæ . This is a dwarf deciduous shrub, which produces its welcome flowers in great abundance whilst bare of leaves; it is a British species, though not occurring generally, yet it is pretty well known from its extensive cultivation as a garden shrub. The flowers are very desirable, from the way in which they are produced in knotted clusters on the long stems; they appear in winter; moreover, they are of a

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Dentaria Digitata.

Dentaria Digitata.

Toothwort ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . A hardy, tuberous perennial, native of Switzerland, but long cultivated in British gardens, and decidedly "old-fashioned." Imagine a spray of pale purple wallflower, and that will give some idea of the form and colour of its flowers, which are produced on round wiry stems, nearly a foot high, in terminal racemes. The leaves, which are produced mostly in threes on a stem, have a channelled petiole, and, as the specific name denotes, are spread out like fingers, m

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Dianthus Deltoides.

Dianthus Deltoides.

Maiden Pink ; Old Names , " Wild Gilloflower ," " Virgin-like Pinke ," " Maidenly Pinke "; Nat. Ord. Caryophyllaceæ—Silenaceæ . A British species of perennial character, never failing to bloom for a long period when it meets with a suitable home in our gardens—as in positions similar to those described for Erysimum pumilum . Seen either wild or in gardens it is much admired; it bears but simple flowers, but therein consists its beauty. As Gerarde says, "Virgin-like Pinke is like unto the rest of

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Dianthus Hybridus.

Dianthus Hybridus.

Syn. D. Multiflorus ; Mule Pink ; Nat. Ord. Caryophyllaceæ . Hardy and evergreen. The specific name of this variety is not at all descriptive, and it may be better to at once give its common name of Mule Pink, of which there are various colours, as bright scarlet, rose and pure white, all very double and neat flowers. It is the double rose kind which has induced me to speak of this section of the Pink and Sweetwilliam family. I dare say many will be surprised when I state that my strongest plant

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.

Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.

Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This is a distinct and noble species. The older leaves are more spoon-shaped, at least a foot long, rather narrow, not toothed, of a reddish colour at the base, and the mid-rib pale green, almost straw-colour; the flower scape is also reddish, but the flowers are fewer. As a foliage plant this species is very effective. All the Dodecatheons make a rapid growth in spring, their scapes being developed with the leaves; the genus will continue in flower for two months, after w

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Dodecatheon Meadia.

Dodecatheon Meadia.

Shooting Star , or American Cowslip ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . A distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial, very hardy and floriferous. Those who do not readily recognise it by any of the above names, may do so by the illustration (Fig. 34). It has long been grown in English gardens—nearly 150 years—its habitat being North America. Not only does it do well in this climate, but since its introduction several improved varieties of this species have been produced, which are both good and distinct. A b

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Dondia Epipactis.

Dondia Epipactis.

Syns. Astrantia Epipactis and Hacquetia Epipactis ; Nat. Ord. Umbelliferæ . This is a little gem, perhaps rather overdone with too many big names; still, this choice, hardy, herbaceous perennial is worth knowing by all its titles. Never more than 6in. high, its singular flowers are very attractive; they spring from the ground almost abruptly, are greenish-yellow and leafy in appearance—in fact, what at first sight might seem to be the petals are really but whorled bracts, which embrace the tiny

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Doronicum Caucasicum.

Doronicum Caucasicum.

Leopard's-bane ; Syn. D. Orientale ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . The specific name denotes sufficiently whence this comes. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, and one of those plants which deserves to be in every garden; its general appearance is that of a tender plant, from the pale but fine delicate green of its foliage, a somewhat uncommon shade for so early a season. It begins to flower in March in a warm situation in the garden, when only a few inches high, and it goes on growing and flowerin

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Echinacea Purpurea.

Echinacea Purpurea.

Syn. Rudbeckia Purpurea ; Purple Cone-flower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . In the autumn season one is almost confined to Composites, but in this subject there is, at any rate, a change, as regards colour. Yellows are indispensable, but then predominate too strongly. The flower under notice is a peculiar purple with greenish-white shadings. This will doubtless sound undesirable, but when the flower is seen it can hardly fail to be appreciated. It is much admired; in fact it is stately, sombre, and ric

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Edraianthus Dalmaticus.

Edraianthus Dalmaticus.

Nat. Ord. Campanulaceæ . A rare and beautiful alpine species, from Dalmatia and Switzerland. At the end of July it is one of the most distinct and charming flowers in the rock garden, where it not only finds a happy home, but, by its neat and peculiar habit, proves a decorative subject of much merit. This desirable plant (see Fig. 36) is quite hardy in this climate, being herbaceous and perennial; it has, however, the reputation of being difficult to manage, but, like numerous other things, when

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Epigæa Repens.

Epigæa Repens.

Creeping or Ground Laurel ; Nat. Ord. Ericaceæ . A hardy evergreen creeper, long since imported into this country from North America (1736), but only within the last few years has it won much favour. At the present time it is much sought after. It has the reputation of being a ticklish subject to grow. Many have had it and lost it, and those who still retain a specimen are loth to mutilate it for increase. This may to some extent account for the present demand for and difficulty experienced in o

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Eranthis Hyemalis.

Eranthis Hyemalis.

Syn. Helleborus Hyemalis ; Winter Aconite ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This, though well known and a general favourite, is not seen in the broad masses which ought to characterise its culture. It is nearly related to the Christmas roses, and, like them, flowers in winter, the bright golden blossoms suddenly appearing during sunshine close to the earth. A little later the involucrum becomes developed, and is no unimportant feature. It forms a dark green setting for the sessile flower, and is beauti

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Erica Carnea.

Erica Carnea.

Winter Heath ; Nat. Ord. Ericaceæ . A well-known, hardy, evergreen shrub, belonging to a genus comprising many hundreds of species and varieties, which, for the most part, however, are not hardy in this country, being natives of the Cape. The genus is most numerously and beautifully illustrated in Loddige's Botanical Cabinet . This might be thought to have no claim to consideration in this book, but I introduce it because of its great value in the spring garden, and because in all respects it ma

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Erigeron Caucasicus.

Erigeron Caucasicus.

Caucasion Fleabane ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . Herbaceous and perennial. This species is a somewhat recent introduction compared with some of the same genus which may be called old varieties, from having been introduced as early as 1633, as in the case of E. graveolens . Moreover, the genus is represented by such British species as E. acris , E. alpinus , and E. uniflorus . The variety now under notice is, as its specific name implies, a native of the Caucasus, first brought into this country about

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Erigeron Glaucum.

Erigeron Glaucum.

Syn. Conyza Chilensis ; Glaucous Fleabane , or Spikenard ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This very beautiful species is far from common. There are many facts in connection with it which render it of more than ordinary value and interest. It is sometimes classed as an alpine; probably that is only an inference, or it may be so considered by some, from its dwarf habit and suitable association with alpines. It is not an alpine; it comes from South America, and though that climate differs so widely from our

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Eryngium Giganteum.

Eryngium Giganteum.

Great Eryngo ; Nat. Ord. Umbelliferæ . This hardy species was brought from the Caucasus in 1820. The genus, though not commonly patronised as garden subjects, are, nevertheless, highly ornamental, and when well grown much admired. Specimens are of various heights, according to position and nature of the soil; under ordinary conditions they will be 2ft. to 3ft. high at the blooming period. As will be inferred from the order to which the Eryngium belongs, the flowers are aggregate, of a changeable

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Erysimum Pumilum.

Erysimum Pumilum.

Fairy Wallflower , or Dwarf Treacle-mustard ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . One of the alpine gems of our rock gardens, not in the sense of its rarity, because it grows and increases fast. It came from Switzerland about sixty years ago, and for a long time was esteemed as a biennial, but it is more—it is perennial and evergreen; at any rate its new branches take root, and so its perennial quality is established. Let the reader imagine a shrub, 3in. high, much branched, and densely furnished with pale gr

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Erythronium Dens-canis.

Erythronium Dens-canis.

Dog's-tooth Violet ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy bulbous perennial. There are several varieties of this species, and all are very handsome. The variety shown at Fig. 38 is the large white-flowering kind; others have yellow, pale purple, and lilac-coloured blooms. All are produced singly on stems 4in. or 5in. long, and gracefully bending. During bright weather the divisions of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and otherwise show themselves to advantage. Their foliage forms a rich setting for

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.

Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.

Variegated Rooting Spindle Tree ; Nat. Ord. Celastraceæ . It is probable that the genus Euonymus is more generally known than that of Celastrus , from which the order takes its name; besides, the latter is composed of unfamiliar genera, so it is more likely that the reader will not care about any reference to them; it may concern him more to know that the above somewhat long name belongs to a very dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, having a neat habit and very beautiful foliage. This variety is one of

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Festuca Glauca.

Festuca Glauca.

Blue Grass ; Nat. Ord. Gramineæ . This comes from the warm climate of Southern Europe, but is a perfectly hardy grass in this country; it is highly ornamental, irrespective of its flowers, and is useful in several ways. With me it is grown somewhat largely, and both professional and amateur gardeners have quickly appreciated its effectiveness, but it has been amusing to see their want of faith when told that "it stands out all winter." It belongs to a section of grasses of fine quality as fodder

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Fritillaria Armena.

Fritillaria Armena.

Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A charming little hardy bulbous perennial, which, although as yet a comparative stranger in this country, bids fair to find a place not only in our gardens, but in the list of the choicest spring favourites, such as lily of the valley, snowdrops, snowflake, and squills, being of the same or nearly allied order, as well as of corresponding stature. Its yellow flowers, too, highly commend it, as, with the exception of the yellow crocus, we have not a very dwarf spring flower o

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Funkia Albo-marginata.

Funkia Albo-marginata.

Common Name , White-edged Plantain-leaved Lily ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from Japan, of but recent introduction, than which there are few more useful subjects to be found in our gardens. It combines with its wealth of foliage a bold spike of pleasing lilac flowers, the former, as implied by the specific name, being edged with a white line, which is broad and constant, this quality being all the more commendable from the fact that many variegations are anything but relia

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Funkia Sieboldii.

Funkia Sieboldii.

Siebold's Plantain-leaved Lily ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is a grand plant; the lily-like flowers alone are sufficient to commend it, but when we have them springing from such a glorious mass of luxuriant and beautiful foliage, disposed with a charming neatness rarely equalled, they are additionally effective. The illustration (Fig. 40) gives a fair idea of the form and dimensions of a specimen three years ago cut from the parent plant, when it would not have more than two or three crowns, so i

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Galanthus Elwesii.

Galanthus Elwesii.

Elwes's Galanthus or Snowdrop ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . This is a splendid species or variety, whichever it may be, said to be the finest of all the Snowdrops; it is a new kind and not yet much known. My impressions of it last spring were not in accordance with such reports, but I ought to add that, though the bulbs were fresh when sent me, they had only been planted less than a year, when they flowered somewhat feebly. Flowering period, February and March. All the Snowdrops may be propagated

38 minute read

Read Chapter

Galanthus Imperati.

Galanthus Imperati.

Imperial Snowdrop ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . I have only recently flowered this kind. It is said by Mr. W. Robinson to be double the size of G. nivalis , which estimate is probably correct, judging from the blooms which I have obtained. With me the bulbs seem either not to have a happy home, or they may have suffered from the vicissitudes of transport from the genial climate of Italy. The publisher of this book informs me that he flowered G. imperati the first year in the open borders, from som

33 minute read

Read Chapter

Galanthus Nivalis.

Galanthus Nivalis.

Common Snowdrop , Early Bulbous Violet , and Fair Maids of February ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . One of the most charming members of the British flora; a native of our fields and orchards, so beautiful as to be beyond description, and, fortunately, so common as to need none (see Fig. 41). It belongs to a noble order of bulbous plants, the genera of which are numerous, as are the species too, in perhaps an increased proportion. Comparatively few are hardy in our climate, and very few indeed are na

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Galanthus Plicatus.

Galanthus Plicatus.

Folded Galanthus ; Nat. Ord . Amaryllidacaæ . A species from the Crimea; compared with our native kind, it is larger in the grass, having also other, but very slight, points of difference. The main one is implied by its name, "plicatus," or folded; its leaves are furrowed, which causes it to have a folded appearance. Culture and flowering period, the same as for the other species....

20 minute read

Read Chapter

Galanthus Redoutei.

Galanthus Redoutei.

Redoute's Galanthus ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . This is by far the most distinct form, having broad grass-green foliage. It is somewhat late in flowering (during March and April), and not so free as others....

11 minute read

Read Chapter

Galax Aphylla.

Galax Aphylla.

Syn. Blandfordia Cordata ; Heart-leaved Galax ; Nat. Ord. Pyrolaceæ . Nearly 100 years ago this charming little plant was imported from North America; still, it is rarely seen, notwithstanding that rock-gardens have long been popular. On rockwork it not only thrives well, but appears to great advantage. No rock-garden should be without it. It is a rare and beautiful subject, remarkably distinct and pleasing; it is perfectly hardy, also perennial and herbaceous; but its last-named characteristic

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Galega Officinalis.

Galega Officinalis.

Officinal Goat's-rue ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . A grand "old-fashioned" flower. It is 314 years since this plant was brought from Spain; it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous. Both it and its varieties are among the most useful subjects of the flower garden; they grow to shrub-like bushes, have elegant foliage, and an abundance of bloom, which continues until late autumn. Specimens have a clean and healthy appearance, and though they grow to the height of 4ft., they give no trouble, requiring neith

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Galega Persica Lilacina.

Galega Persica Lilacina.

Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . This is a lovely species of Galega imported little more than fifty years ago from Persia. Perfectly hardy; in general form it corresponds with G. officinalis . The following are its distinctions: More dense racemes of lilac flowers, a foot less tall, leaflets shorter and broader—in fact, oval, oblong, somewhat twisted or edged up in the arrangement, and often without the terminal leaflet. The above Goat's-rues are of the simplest culture; they will do in any soil, but if t

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Acaulis.

Gentiana Acaulis.

Gentianella ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . A hardy, evergreen creeper, its creeping stems running immediately under the surface. This is a remarkably beautiful plant, and the wonder is that it is not grown in every garden. The most attractive features, when in flower, of this dwarf Gentian are its immensely large blooms and neat shining green foliage (see Fig. 43). It is easily identified, there being not another species like it, and certainly very few to equal it for beauty and service; it forms one

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Asclepiadea.

Gentiana Asclepiadea.

Swallow-wort-leaved Gentian ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . A tall and beautiful alpine species from Austria, very hardy and herbaceous. It has long had a place in English gardens—fully 250 years—and is described by Parkinson in his "Paradise of Flowers." The tall stems are very showy, having an abundance of shining dark green foliage, amongst which nestle the large and bright purple-blue flowers; it is a subject that looks well at a distance, and, as a rule, flowers with that quality are of the great

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Burseri.

Gentiana Burseri.

Burser's Gentian ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . A hardy perennial species, of a bold but neat habit, while the flowers and foliage combine in rendering it a first-class decorative subject. It is a recent introduction, having been brought from the Pyrenees in 1820; it is seldom seen in flower gardens, where it certainly deserves to be. Its flowers are not brilliant, but they are effective from their size, number, and persistency; they are produced in whorls on stout round stems 18in. high, but only on

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Cruciata.

Gentiana Cruciata.

Cross-leaved Gentian ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . An interesting species from Austria, and one of the "old-fashioned" plants of English gardens, having been cultivated in this country for nearly 300 years. Gerarde gives a faithful and full description of it, which I will quote: "Crossewoort Gentian hath many ribbed leaues spred upon the ground, like unto the leaues of sopewroot, but of a blacker green colour; among which rise vp weak iointed stalks, trailing or leaning towarde the grounde. The flow

56 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Gelida.

Gentiana Gelida.

Ice-cold Gentian ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . This species comes from Siberia, and has been grown in this country for nearly eighty years. It is a very beautiful species, the whole plant being handsome; it grows nearly a foot high. The flowers are produced in terminal clusters, one large flower being surrounded by a whorl of smaller ones; they are of a rich purplish-blue inside the corolla, which is rotate; the segments (mitre-shaped) and the spaces between are prettily furnished with a feathery fr

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Gentiana Verna.

Gentiana Verna.

Spring Alpine Felwort ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . A native evergreen creeper. This plant has many synonymous names in old books. It is now, however, well known by the above Latin name. Let me at once say that it is a matchless gem. Its flowers are such as to attract the notice of any but a blind person. It is said to be rare now in this country, still, I think it is far from being extinct in its wild state. Be that as it may, it is fortunate that it can be easily cultivated, and nothing in a garde

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Geranium Argenteum.

Geranium Argenteum.

Silvery Crane's-bill : Nat. Ord. Geraniaceæ . A hardy perennial alpine from the South of Europe, introduced in 1699. It is, therefore, an old plant in this country, and is one of the gems of the rock garden; very dwarf, but effective, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 44). The foliage is of a distinct and somewhat conglomerate character, besides being of a silvery-grey colour. Well-grown specimens of this charming Crane's-bill look remarkably well against dark stones. Its flowers are larg

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Gillenia Trifoliata.

Gillenia Trifoliata.

Syn. Spiræa Trifoliata and S. Triloba — Three-leaved Gillenia ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, imported in 1713. The main features about this plant are its elegant form and rich tints. The illustration (Fig. 45) may give some idea of the former quality, but to realise the latter the reader should see a living specimen in the form of a bold clump. There is a wild beauty about this subject which it is not easy to describe; as a flower it is insignificant, but

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Gynerium Argenteum.

Gynerium Argenteum.

Pampas or Silvery Grass ; Nat. Ord. Gramineæ . This handsome grass is well known, at least, its feathery plumes are, from the fact of their being imported largely in a dry state for decorative purposes. It has not been grown long in this country, and, perhaps, it is not generally known that it endures our climate as an outdoor plant; in most parts of Great Britain, however, it proves hardy. As far north as Yorkshire I have seen it in the form of specimens 8ft. high; my own examples are yet young

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Harpalium Rigidum.

Harpalium Rigidum.

Syn. Helianthus Rigidus — Rigid Sunflower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . One of the most effective and beautiful flowers to be seen in autumn; it would be hard to mention another at any period of the year that gives more satisfaction and pleasure than this does, either as a decorative plant or a cut flower. A bold specimen, 4ft. through, is truly fine, and not only those who seldom visit a garden, but amateurs well versed in flowers, are alike charmed with its rich and stately blossoms. Most people kno

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Hedera Conglomerata.

Hedera Conglomerata.

Conglomerate Ivy ; Nat. Ord. Araliacæ . I do not introduce this as a flowering subject, but as a dwarf ornamental shrub; it differs so much from all other species and varieties of Ivy, and is so beautiful withal, that I trust no further apology is needed for giving it a place amongst decorative plants and shrubs. I have not been able to learn its habitat or origin; its stunted tree-like shape, together with other peculiarities, would indicate that it is a species; be that as it may, it has long

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Helianthus Multiflorus.

Helianthus Multiflorus.

Many-flowered Sunflower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This fashionable flower is glaringly showy. Still, it is not wanting in beauty; moreover, it belongs to an "old-fashioned" class, and is itself a species which has been grown for nearly 300 years in English gardens. It was brought from North America in the year 1597, and during the whole of its history in this country, it can hardly ever have been more esteemed than it is to-day; it is very hardy, and in every way a reliable subject. Everybody know

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Helianthus Orygalis.

Helianthus Orygalis.

Graceful Sunflower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . Yet another Sunflower, and one, too, of the common yellow colour, and not otherwise attractive, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 47)—of course, I am now referring to the flower only. There are, however, features about this species which all must admire; stems 7ft. high, furnished with bright foliage, in the manner indicated, are not mean objects, even if topped with but a common yellow composite. This is a native of North America, and of recent

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Abchasicus.

Helleborus Abchasicus.

Abchasian Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a native of the Caucasus, and in this climate, where it has been cultivated about fifteen years, it retains its foliage through the winter in a green state. It is a free grower, and flowers well, having a somewhat slender habit. It is sometimes described as having green flowers, but more often as having purple ones. It may be useful to remember that there are varieties, and it is likely that, even in the so-called green flowers, traces of pu

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Antiquorum.

Helleborus Antiquorum.

Ancient Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . In what sense this specific name is applied, or which meaning of the word is supposed to be exemplified in this plant, I have no means of being certain. It is very probable that the name is in reference to its "old-fashioned," but beautiful, flowers; that they are "worthy," "dearer, more acceptable," and of "more esteem and account," is likely to be the verdict of every amateur who grows this kind successfully, for a more lovely flower could hardly be

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Bocconi.

Helleborus Bocconi.

Boccon's Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This, by many, is believed to be a species, but as such is unauthenticated. It is classed as a variety of H. purpurascens , compared with which, however, there are some well-marked distinctions. It is sometimes called H. multifidus , a name that suits it well, as being descriptive of its irregularly slashed foliage. It has but recently been brought under cultivation, and was found a native of the Apennines of Etruria. It proves perfectly hardy in thi

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Colchicus.

Helleborus Colchicus.

Colchican Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A new species from Asia Minor. This is a strong grower and blooms well. The flowers vary in size and shade, but it may be said to be distinct in form and pronounced in colour, the latter being an uncommon feature with the Hellebores; either growing or cut it is indispensable to a group. Moreover, it is one of the best flowers of the genus, and would stand high even in a selection of the best six; it is one that should have a place in every collectio

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Cupreus.

Helleborus Cupreus.

Coppery Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . Notwithstanding its peculiar colour, as implied by the name, this is a pleasing border flower; moreover, the somewhat large flowers are also numerous; blossoms 3in. across, arranged in clusters of four and six, and handsomely furnished with new foliage, are no mean things in the depth of winter. The specific name of this Hellebore, though applicable, is not so definite as some, inasmuch as the colour to which it refers is that of several other species

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Dumetorum.

Helleborus Dumetorum.

Bushy Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . One of the less showy species. It comes from Hungary, and has been grown in this country about seventy years. It entirely renews its foliage yearly, the flower stems appearing before the radical leaves. The flowers are small, green, and drooping; the sepals are roundish. The flower stems are twice branched, full-flowered, and furnished with the "cut floral leaf," which is nearly stalkless and palmate. The root leaves are very smooth and pedate. The brig

32 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Fœtidus.

Helleborus Fœtidus.

Stinking Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a native species, distinct, ornamental, and evergreen. Its name may, with some, prevent its being planted in the pleasure garden, but its fœtid odour is not perceptible unless sought for. It is mostly found wild in this country in chalky districts, and it occurs largely in the southern parts of Europe. Though poisonous, it is a valuable herb. Its value as a garden subject consists in its dark evergreen foliage, good habit, and handsome panicl

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Guttatus.

Helleborus Guttatus.

Spotted Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is one of the newer species or varieties; its main distinction is well implied by the specific name. The flowers are fully 2in. across, and white; the sepals are spotted with purple; the petals are more constant than in some species, and of a rich green colour; flowers are produced on stems having the floral leaf; the buds are a greenish white, but very beautiful. The foliage is smaller than that of most kinds; the leaves are radical, rather shor

43 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Niger.

Helleborus Niger.

Black Hellebore , or Christmas Rose ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A hardy, herbaceous perennial. It came from Austria in 1597. In favoured situations it proves evergreen; there is nothing black to be seen about a growing plant, and it has often puzzled its admirers as to the cause of its specific name, which is in reference to the black roots of a year or more old. It would appear, moreover, that this is not the true "Black Hellebore" of the ancients (see remarks under H. Orientalis ). This "old-fa

6 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Odorus.

Helleborus Odorus.

Sweet-scented Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . Like all the Hellebores, excepting the white-flowered H. niger and its varieties, this has, until very recently, been much neglected, notwithstanding that its name implies the rare and desirable quality of a sweet odour; moreover, it is of easy culture, very hardy, and a free bloomer. It is a native of Hungary, and was introduced to English gardens in 1817. It is like H. purpurascens , only its flowers are green; it even more strongly resembles

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Olympicus.

Helleborus Olympicus.

Olympian Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This comes from a Grecian habitat, as the specific name denotes; still it is perfectly hardy in this climate, and it deserves a place in every garden. It is not so old in English gardens as some kinds, and may not be much known; at any rate, it is seldom met with; but, from the fact of its coming into bloom in the first month of the year, and having finely-formed purple flowers, it is a desirable companion to the white Christmas Rose; it is variously

52 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Orientalis.

Helleborus Orientalis.

Eastern Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . Sometimes also called the Lenten Rose, as it may often be seen in flower during Lent, though it is no uncommon thing for it to bloom in January in favoured situations and mild winters. This is a very old species which has long been known to botanists, but it has only recently been introduced into this country. It is a native of the Levant, is plentiful on mountains and near Thessalonica and Constantinople. It has gone under the name of H. officinalis

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Helleborus Purpurascens.

Helleborus Purpurascens.

Purplish Hellebore ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A native of Podolia and Hungary, introduced sixty to seventy years ago. It belongs to the section whose flowers appear before the root leaves, having branched flower stalks and the cut floral leaf. It is a dwarf kind, and varies very much; I have now an established specimen in bloom at the height of 3in., and others at 8in. or 9in. It also differs in the depth of bloom-colour; some of its flowers may be described as purplish-green and others as green

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Hepatica Angulosa.

Hepatica Angulosa.

Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a very distinct species. It comes from North America, and is twice the size of H. triloba in all its parts; the leaves are more cut, and very woolly; the flowers are bright mauve, and 1½in. across. All the Hepaticas are slow growers, but H. angulosa is the more vigorous. Some say they should be grown in peat, but I never saw them so fine in peat as in strong loam, well drained and manured; they are the better with slight shade. I do not object to peat, as possibl

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Hepatica Triloba.

Hepatica Triloba.

Syns. Anemone Triloba and Anemone Hepatica ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . The well-known common Hepatica, of which there are so many beautiful varieties. It is a hardy perennial, one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of English gardens, and is said by some to be a British species; anyhow, it was well known and admired in this country 300 years ago. Well-established specimens form neat tufts of three-lobed leaves on long stems, which are not evergreen in this climate, though the Hepaticas are known to b

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.

Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.

Double Sweet Rocket , or Dames' Violet ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . There are several double forms of this very popular old flower, such as purple, ruby, and pure white, the last named being by far the greatest favourite. A few years ago it was said to be very scarce, and in some parts of the country it certainly was so, but when the present taste for the good old flowers became general, it was not only found, but quickly propagated, so that now the double white Sweet Rocket may be had everywhere, an

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera.

Heuchera.

Alum-root ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is a small genus of hardy perennials suitable for the decoration of the English garden from their bold and finely-shaped leaves, which are well marked with various pleasing tints, also because of their perpetual verdure and neat habit. It takes its name from J. H. de Heucher, a botanist. The species, as many of them as are known, are from American habitats; nearly all have been introduced within the last sixty years; the well-known H. Americana , however

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Americana.

Heuchera Americana.

American Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . The flowers of this species are a dull or reddish purple. The foliage is rough and clammy; the form of leaf resembles that of H. glabra (see Fig. 51), but the colour is a lighter green. All the genus are of an astringent nature, but this species is remarkably so, and in its native country has earned for the family the name of "Alum-root." For cultivation and flowering period see Heuchera ....

24 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Cylindrica.

Heuchera Cylindrica.

Cylindrical-spiked Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is much in the way of H. Richardsoni , with the distinction indicated by the name, the flowers being arranged evenly round the spike like a cylinder. For cultivation and flowering period see Heuchera ....

14 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Drummondi.

Heuchera Drummondi.

Drummond's Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A tall kind, with leaves of handsome shape (heart-shaped and lobed) and greener than most varieties. Cultivation and flowering period are described under Heuchera ....

11 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Glabra.

Heuchera Glabra.

Smooth Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This was introduced in 1824 from North America. The foliage is bold and abundant; the illustration (Fig. 51) not only gives a good idea of the form and habit of foliage, but fairly represents the whole genus, as seen during the late (1882) season. This species has dull pinkish flowers; the scapes have a few leaves; root leaves are 2in. to 5in. in diameter, heart-shaped, lobed, toothed, smooth, and of a dark bronzy-green colour. The leaf stalks are long

31 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Lucida.

Heuchera Lucida.

Shining-leaved Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A very dwarf species, not more than 3in. or 4in. high; the foliage a clear bright green, nearly kidney-shaped, lobed, and roundly toothed. The fresh appearance of its prostrate leaves, which are 2in. across, forms a pleasing object in mid-winter. Cultivation and flowering period, as given under Heuchera ....

17 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Metallica.

Heuchera Metallica.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This was presented to me in 1881 by a lady, who informed me that it was introduced by the late Miss Hope. It is a beautiful plant; the hues somewhat justify the name, but to the touch the leaves are more like a soft fabric, as cloth or velvet. The flowers are of no value, but the foliage is bloom of no mean order, so much so, that everyone stops to admire this handsome plant. Cultivation and flowering period, as given under Heuchera ....

26 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Micrantha.

Heuchera Micrantha.

Small-flowered Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . From Columbia. Flowers a yellowish-green; leaves nearly round, bluntly lobed, crenate or round toothed, the teeth horned or pointed; the colour is inclined to auburn during autumn, but it varies, and for a botanical description it would be hard to state a particular colour. The gardener, however, will find in this a most useful plant, where different forms and tints of foliage are desirable. Into the sub-tropical garden it may be introduced with

34 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Purpurea.

Heuchera Purpurea.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This seems to be a less known or newer variety. If the name has reference to the colour of the foliage, it is not inappropriate. The bold leaves are a dark green, shading to a bronze, then a purple, the whole having a soft downy effect. It is a charming kind. Cultivation and flowering period, the same as for the Heuchera ....

20 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Ribifolia.

Heuchera Ribifolia.

Currant-leaved Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is another dwarf kind, producing such leaves as the name denotes. Of this species the only useful feature for a garden seems to be its habit of neatly carpeting the ground under deciduous trees. It has also a remarkably fresh appearance during winter. Cultivation and flowering period, as for other Heucheras ....

18 minute read

Read Chapter

Heuchera Richardsoni.

Heuchera Richardsoni.

Richardson's Heuchera ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A taller variety than H. Drummondi . The most striking distinctions are the pale green colour of the young leaves contrasting with the bronzed appearance of the older ones, and the larger size of its flowers, which, however, are green. Cultivation and flowering period, as for other species....

17 minute read

Read Chapter

Houstonia Cœrulea.

Houstonia Cœrulea.

Bluets ; Nat. Ord. Gentianaceæ . Hardy and evergreen. This pretty little shining plant never exceeds a height of 3in. Like most species of this order, both flowers and foliage have much substance and endure for a long time in perfection, but its neat form and bright parts most commend it—it almost sparkles in both leaf and flower. This species, as implied by the specific name, bears a blue flower, but there is a variety ( H. c. alba or H. albiflora ) which bears white flowers, from a specimen of

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Hutchinsia Alpina.

Hutchinsia Alpina.

Syn. Lepidium Alpinum ; Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . An alpine species, from South Europe, which may be said to be evergreen in this climate, and, according to my experience of it, flowering throughout the year. Though found in some gardens to be difficult to establish, when it finds a suitable home it becomes a pretty addition. This alpine seldom exceeds 2in. in height. The flowers are a glistening white and very small, produced in numerous heads, and they are very enduring; the calyx is concave and f

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.

Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.

Large-panicled Hydrangea ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This dwarf shrub is perfectly hardy and deciduous; it comes from Japan, and is one of the best hardy things I have come across for some time. It is quite a new introduction, and has many fine qualities; the fact of its producing immense clusters of white flowers, 12in. long and 12in. in circumference, as well-established plants, is enough to induce its extended cultivation; but when it is stated that its clusters are numerous and durable, that

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Hypericum Calycinum.

Hypericum Calycinum.

Large-calyxed St. John's Wort , or Rose of Sharon ; Nat. Ord. Hypericaceæ . A very ornamental deciduous shrub, but often green throughout the winter. This I claim the privilege of introducing amongst herbaceous perennials; it is a well-known and favourite "old-fashioned" flower, in fact, a native of Ireland. The old name for it was "Cup St. John's Wort." In July it is in splendid form, and, familiar as we are with it, it never fails to win admiration. How charming are its large, shining, golden

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Iberis Correæfolia.

Iberis Correæfolia.

Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . This is a hybrid and much improved variety of the well-known evergreen and shrubby Candytuft, often called "Everlasting Candytuft." A more pronounced remove from its parents could hardly be found in any plant or shrub than is this. There are evident improvements in colour, size, and habit, both in foliage and flowers. It is also a robust grower and perfectly hardy, in these respects being very different from I. Gibraltarica . None of the shrubby Candytufts can compare with

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Iris Fœtidissima.

Iris Fœtidissima.

Gladdon, Gladwin , or Spurge-wort ; Nat. Ord. Iridaceæ . A British species, occurring largely in some parts, in shady woods and swampy places near the sea. It is evergreen and of a pleasing form throughout the year. Its flowers are of a dull colour, and not likely to be much esteemed, more especially when in midsummer there are so many beautiful kinds around; still, it merits a place in our gardens. Its handsome berry-like seeds, which are so attractively conspicuous in December, are much more d

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Isopyrum Gracilis.

Isopyrum Gracilis.

Slender Isopyrum ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is a hardy herbaceous plant, of great beauty. The flowers are not showy, but their great numbers and arrangement render them of importance in what may be termed a fine-foliaged subject. The Isopyrums are very nearly related to the thalictrums or rues, and this one greatly resembles the maidenhair-like section, one of which it is often taken for. There is, however, an important botanical difference between the two genera: the thalictrums have no ca

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Jasminum Nudiflorum.

Jasminum Nudiflorum.

Nude-flowered Jasmine ; Nat. Ord. Jasminaceæ . This was brought to this country from China a little less than forty years ago, and, as proof of its sterling worth, it is already in extensive use. The whole genus is a favourite one; but there is a special and most attractive feature about this species that is sure to render it desirable to all—it flowers freely in midwinter, and it does so in the open garden. Like many of the genus, this species comes from a very warm climate, and for a time it w

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Kalmia Latifolia.

Kalmia Latifolia.

Broad-leaved Kalmia ; Nat. Ord. Ericaceæ . An evergreen shrub, very hardy in our climate. It comes from North America, and from its dwarf character and free-blooming habit, it is not only one of the most useful shrubs, but may be freely planted in connection with herbaceous subjects, where it will help to redeem the deadness of beds and borders during winter (see Fig. 56). Like the rhododendron, it grows to various heights, according to the soil or situation in which it may be planted, but 18in.

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Lactuca Sonchifolia.

Lactuca Sonchifolia.

Sow Thistle-leafed Lettuce ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This is one of the few ornamental species of a somewhat numerous genus; it is, moreover, perennial and hardy in this climate—characteristics not common to the family. It came from Candia, in 1822, since which time it has been grown in English gardens, more or less, as a decorative plant; it is of unusual form, especially in the foliage. I think it would scarcely be called handsome; but the flowers, which are a fine pale blue, and of the form usu

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Lathyrus Grandiflorus

Lathyrus Grandiflorus

Large-flowered Everlasting Pea ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . A hardy, herbaceous climber, coming from the South of Europe. It was introduced to this country nearly seventy years ago; it is an attractive object when in bloom, growing 6ft. high and being very floriferous. The flowers are nearly 2in. across. Not only in good soil do specimens grow densely and become furnished from the ground to the extremities of the stalks with bloom, but the roots run under the surface so rapidly that a veritable thic

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Lathyrus Latifolius.

Lathyrus Latifolius.

Large-leaved Lathyrus , or Everlasting Pea ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . This deciduous climber is one of the handsomest plants of the British flora (see Fig. 57); in its wild state it is a charming object, and under cultivation, in full exposure to sunshine, with proper provision for its tendrils, and kept clear of weeds, it becomes in every way one of the finest objects in the garden, whether considered as a decorative climber, a floral specimen, or a source of cut flowers. It grows fully 8ft. high

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Leucojum Æstivum.

Leucojum Æstivum.

Summer Snowflake ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 58), this native bulbous plant is somewhat ungainly; blooming specimens are sometimes 2ft. high, and each one rarely produces more than three of its small flowers, but they are worth growing, because of their lasting properties, either cut or otherwise; the pretty snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when used in vases, their long stems rendering them more serviceable than they otherwise would be. The whi

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Leucojum Vernum.

Leucojum Vernum.

Spring Snowflake ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . A hardy bulbous species from Germany. It is not necessary either to describe or praise this beautiful flower, beyond stating that in every way it closely resembles the snowdrop; it is larger, however, whence the appropriateness of its name, Snowflake, in relation to that of the snowdrop. It will thrive anywhere but in wet, sour situations; it most enjoys fine light soil and the partial shade of trees, where it rapidly increases by offsets of the bulbs

29 minute read

Read Chapter

Lilium Auratum.

Lilium Auratum.

Golden-rayed or Japanese Lily ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is a hardy Lily, and though this particular species is comparatively new to our English gardens, it belongs to a noble genus which has had a place in our ancestors' gardens for ages. It was long thought that this bulb from Japan could not endure our winters, and though it is proved to be perfectly hardy, there are yet many who only cultivate it indoors, and seem surprised when they see it in beds and borders, where it is allowed to remain

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Linum Flavum.

Linum Flavum.

Yellow Flax ; Nat. Ord. Linaceæ . This handsome shrub-like Flax comes from Austria, and is a comparatively new species in English gardens. It is not only a distinct form, but from the large quantities and more durable quality of its flowers, it proves itself a very useful subject for flower-beds and borders, where it should have the most select companions. It is classed as a hardy, herbaceous perennial; its woody character, and a few green leaves which it carries throughout the winter would, how

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Lithospermum Prostratum.

Lithospermum Prostratum.

Prostrate Gromwell ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . Sometimes called the Gentian L., from its bright blue gentian-like flowers. By many this species is considered synonymous with L. fruticosum . They are, however, very dissimilar. Our subject is an evergreen and stunted trailer; L. fruticosum is a deciduous trailer and very vigorous; both, however, are perfectly hardy. The most striking characteristics of the Prostrate Gromwell are its fine dark blue flowers and procumbent habit. It is a native of Fran

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Lobelia Cardinalis.

Lobelia Cardinalis.

Cardinal Flower ; Nat. Ord. Lobeliaceæ . This is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that bloom in October; stately, brilliant and lasting. There are many varieties of it, and of late years some extra fine sorts have been raised and named, all of which are good. The varieties differ much in the foliage as well as the flowers, some being much larger, and of a dark brown or reddish colour. The illustration (Fig. 60) is drawn from the typical form, which has smooth foliage; it is not so large a

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Lychnis Chalcedonica.

Lychnis Chalcedonica.

Chalcedonian Lychnis , or Scarlet Lychnis ; Nat. Ord. Silenaceæ . This hardy herbaceous perennial (see Fig. 61) came from Russia so long ago as 1596. It is a well-known and favourite flower, and, of course, a very "old-fashioned" one; it is commonly called the Scarlet Lychnis, but there are other forms of it with white flowers, both double and single, and there is also a double scarlet variety. The typical form comes into flower a fortnight earlier than the others, but all may be seen in bloom d

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.

Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.

German Catchfly ; Nat. Ord. Silenaceæ . The double form of the red German Catchfly. The old Latin name for the type was L. Angustifolia , which is still used sometimes, being a good descriptive name. So much cannot be said of the common name; at any rate, it sounds odd that one of our native plants should be called the "German Catchfly," as name is evidently used in the geographical sense. There are several forms of this species having double flowers, which may be termed florists' or garden vari

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Lysimachia Clethroides.

Lysimachia Clethroides.

Clethra-like Loosestrife ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This is a tall-growing and distinct species, newly imported from Japan; it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous, and differs very much indeed from its creeping and evergreen relation, the moneywort, or "creeping jenny," being more like a tall speedwell, having large leaves; it is so dissimilar, there can be no likelihood of confounding it with other species. As a decorative garden plant it is both attractive and interesting. It attains a height of 3

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Margyricarpus Setosus.

Margyricarpus Setosus.

Bristly Pearl-fruit ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ . A charming little evergreen shrub, and most aptly named, for not only does the name convey some idea of its beauty, but it is specific to the utmost degree; a glance at the illustration (Fig. 62) and the English name, which is a translation of the Latin one, will show this. It is the only species of the genus. It was introduced in the year 1829 from Peru, and for a time was considered too tender a subject for other than stove treatment, and even now it i

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Mazus Pumilio.

Mazus Pumilio.

Dwarf Mazus ; Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . This diminutive and pretty plant is a native of Australia, and was introduced into this country in 1823. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; it is, however, sometimes said to be only annual, which may have been inferred from the fact of its perishing in winter in this climate when grown in cold, stiff soil, but that it is perennial is beyond doubt. Not only have I experienced that it dies every winter in clay soil, but also that the roots remain fres

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Melittis Melissophyllum.

Melittis Melissophyllum.

Syn. M. Grandiflorum; Large-flowered Bastard Balm ; Nat. Ord. Labiatæ . This is a somewhat uncommon but handsome native plant. The above names, together with the illustration (Fig. 63), will doubtless give the reader a fair idea of its appearance. It forms one of the best possible subjects for a border of "old-fashioned" plants, being of a distinct type and colour. The flowers are a mixture of white, pink, and purple; and are nearly 2in. long, in general shape resembling the foxglove, but wider

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Monarda Didyma.

Monarda Didyma.

Syn. M. Kalmiana; Bee Balm , or Oswego Tea ; Nat. Ord. Labiatæ . All the Monardas are natives of North America, and, consequently, quite hardy in this country; they are also herbaceous and perennial. This species has been grown for 130 years in English gardens, and at the present time it is not only accounted an old flower but it is highly esteemed. The blooms are large and brilliant in colour, and their shaggy forms give them an effect which is decorative both in the garden and vase. The flower

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Monarda Fistulosa.

Monarda Fistulosa.

Wild Bergamot ; Syns. M. Affinis, M. Altissima, M. Media, M. Oblongata, M. Purpurea , and M. Rugosa ; Nat. Ord. Labiatæ . The Wild Bergamot has a pleasant smell; it has, however, the objectionable property of attracting great numbers of bees and wasps. Compared with the scarlet M. didyma , the more striking differences are the purple flowers, which are less, and mostly produced in single heads. The bracts are tinted with purple, and they are more bent down the stems; the latter, too, are only ha

33 minute read

Read Chapter

Monarda Russelliana.

Monarda Russelliana.

Russell's Monarda ; Nat. Ord. Labiatæ . Another, distinct species. Its flowers are white, with pistil tinted purple, and less in size than either of the above. The bract is remarkably large, and further amplified by numerous small leaves amongst the flowers; all are deeply tinted or veined with purple; the leaves are larger than those of M. didyma , and those near the tops of the stems are also tinted with purple on their stalks, mid-ribs, and edges; the stems are green, rounded at the corners,

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Morina Longifolia.

Morina Longifolia.

Syn. M. Elegans; Whorl Flower ; Nat. Ord. Dipsaceæ . Until this plant comes into flower there is little about it for us, who are trained to dislike and almost despise thistles, to admire. It is not a thistle certainly, but the resemblance is very close when not in flower, and the three or four specimens which I grow have often caused a laugh from visitors at my expense, but I pocket the laugh and ask them to come and see my thistles in June. When, too, weeding is being done, it is always needful

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Muhlenbeckia Complexa.

Muhlenbeckia Complexa.

Nat. Ord. Polygonaceæ . A hardy climber, of great beauty; during November its nearly black stems are well furnished with its peculiar small dark green leaves, which, even when without flowers or fruit, render it an object of first-class merit as a decorative subject. The illustration (Fig. 64) is fairly representative of all its parts; still, it can give no idea of the effect of a specimen climbing 4ft. to 6ft. high, diffuse and spreading withal. Although I have grown this handsome climber sever

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Muscari Botryoides.

Muscari Botryoides.

Grape Hyacinth ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is a hardy species, somewhat finer than the more common M. racemosum , from the fact of its richer, bright sky blue flowers. The form of the Grape Hyacinth is well known (see Fig. 65), being a very old garden flower and a great favourite; when it is once planted, it keeps its place, despite all drawbacks common to a crowded border, with the exception of that wholesale destroyer, a careless digger; if left undisturbed for a year or two, it increases to v

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Muscari Racemosum.

Muscari Racemosum.

Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is the commonest species, and although very pleasing, suffers by a comparison with the above blue kind, being more dwarf and the flowers less bright. The best time to transplant the bulbs is when the tops have died off, and the choicer sorts of these, as well as all other bulbs whose foliage dies off early in summer, should have something to mark their situation when in their dormant state. Cultivation and flowering period, as for M. botryoides ....

25 minute read

Read Chapter

Narcissus Minor.

Narcissus Minor.

Smaller Daffodil ; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceæ . A very beautiful and effective spring flower. Though a native of Spain, it proves one of the hardiest denizens of our gardens; it is not often met with, but it has been cultivated in this country since 1629. It was well known in Parkinson's time. Not merely is it a species due to bloom early, but it does so, no matter how severe the weather may be, in March, and the flowers are freely produced. We could hardly have more severe weather than we had in M

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Nierembergia Rivularis.

Nierembergia Rivularis.

Water Nierembergia , or White Cup ; Nat. Ord. Solanaceæ . This alpine plant comes from La Plata; when well grown (and it easily may be) it is a gem—hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. It has a most pleasing habit; from its mass of root-like stems which run very near the surface, it sends up a dense carpet of short-stalked leaves, which in July become studded over with large and chaste white flowers; though it rarely exceeds 4in. in height, it is very attractive. The flowers are 1½in. across, of a

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Œnothera Speciosa.

Œnothera Speciosa.

Showy Evening Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Onagraceæ . A hardy and beautiful perennial species from North America; it is aptly named, as the flowers are not only large but numerous (see Fig. 66). The plant has a gay appearance for many weeks. As a garden flower, it is one of those happy subjects which may be allowed to grow in any odd corner, no matter what quality the soil may be, and full exposure or a little shade is equally suitable. No matter where it grows in the garden, it is a showy and pleasing

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Œnothera Taraxacifolia.

Œnothera Taraxacifolia.

Dandelion-leaved Evening Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Onagraceæ . From the great beauty of the flowers of this plant, it has not only become widely distributed, but a great favourite, considering that it was so recently introduced into this country as 1825; it came from Peru. Fortunately this charming exotic proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is also herbaceous and perennial. No garden ought to be without so easily grown a flower, and though its foliage much resembles that of the common dandelion

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Omphalodes Verna.

Omphalodes Verna.

Creeping Forget-me-not ; Syn. Cynoglossum Omphalodes ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . The common name of this pretty, hardy, herbaceous creeper at once gives the keynote to its description; it is a very old plant in English gardens, and a native of South Europe. Parkinson gives a very neat description of it: "This small borage shooteth forth many leaves from the roote, every one upon a long stalke, of a darke greene colour; the stalkes are small and slender, not above halfe a foote high, with very few

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Ononis Rotundifolia.

Ononis Rotundifolia.

Round-leaved Restharrow ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . One of the most charming of the "old-fashioned" border flowers, having been grown in this country since 1570. It came from the Pyrenees, is hardy, evergreen, and shrubby. The common name of the genus, Restharrow, is in reference to the long, tough, and woody roots and branches. According to Gerarde, these properties "maketh the oxen, whilst they be in plowing, to rest or stand still." Although this species has tough roots and branches, it seems mo

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Onosma Taurica.

Onosma Taurica.

Golden Drop ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . A hardy perennial, somewhat woody, and retaining much of its foliage in a fresh state throughout the winter, though by some described as herbaceous. The leaves which wither remain persistent, and sometimes this proves a source of danger to the specimen, from holding moisture during our wet winters, causing rot to set in. It is a comparatively new plant in English gardens, having been introduced from the Caucasus in 1801, and as yet is seldom met with. Not on

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Orchis Foliosa.

Orchis Foliosa.

Leafy Orchis ; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceæ . This terrestrial Orchid is not generally known to be hardy, but that such is the fact is beyond doubt. It is not only hardy, though it comes from Madeira, but it thrives better in this climate when exposed to all the drawbacks belonging to the open garden, or hardy treatment, than when kept under glass. It only seems to require two things—a deep rich soil and leaving alone—being very impatient of disturbance at its roots. Many of the hardy Orchids, though in

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Orchis Fusca.

Orchis Fusca.

Brown Orchis ; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceæ . A rare and noble British species, terrestrial, and having a tuberous root of moderate size; the specific name does not always apply, as this species varies considerably in the colour of its flowers—certainly all are not brown. According to Gray, the flowers are "large, greenish-brown, brownish-purple, or pale ash grey;" the specimen from which our illustration (Fig. 69) was drawn may be said to be "brownish-purple," from its great number of brown spots; it i

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Origanum Pulchellum.

Origanum Pulchellum.

Beautiful Marjoram ; Nat. Ord. Labiatæ . This is indeed a well-named species or variety, whichever it may be; little seems to be known of its origin, but that it is distinct and beautiful is beyond doubt. It shines most as a rock plant; its long and bending stems, which are somewhat procumbent, have as much rigidity about them as to prevent their having a weak appearance; the tips, moreover, are erect, showing off to advantage the handsome imbricate bracts, bespangled as they are with numerous r

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Orobus Vernus.

Orobus Vernus.

Peaseling, or Spring Bitter Vetch ; Nat. Ord. Leguminosæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial; it flowers in very early spring, and sometimes sooner, but it is in full beauty in April, its blooming period being very prolonged. Not only is this bright and handsome pea flower worth attention being a very old subject of English gardens, but also because of its intrinsic merit as a decorative plant. I say plant designedly, as its form is both sprightly and elegant, which, I fear, the illustration (Fig. 70

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Ourisia Coccinea.

Ourisia Coccinea.

Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from South America, as yet rarely seen in English gardens, and more seldom in good form. As may be judged by the illustration (Fig. 71), it is a charming plant, but it has beauties which cannot be there depicted; its deep green and shining leaves constitute wavy masses of foliage, most pleasing to see, and the short-stemmed, lax clusters of dazzling scarlet flowers are thereby set off to great advantage. I have no fear of overpraising this

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Papaver Orientale.

Papaver Orientale.

Oriental Poppy ; Nat. Ord. Papaveraceæ . The Oriental Poppy is a bold and showy plant, very hardy and perennial. There are several colours, but the bright scarlet variety is the most effective. Specimens of it which have become well established have a brilliant appearance during June; they are 3ft. high and attract the eye from a distance. Among other large herbaceous plants, as lupines, pæonies, thalictrums, &amp;c., or even mixed with dwarf shrubs, they are grandly effective; indeed, almos

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Pentstemons.

Pentstemons.

Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . The hybrids, which constitute the numerous and beautiful class commonly grown as "florists' flowers," are the kinds now under notice. The plant, when a year old, has a half-shrubby appearance, and if I said that it was but half hardy I should probably be nearer the mark than if I pronounced it quite hardy. It may, therefore, appear odd that I should class it with hardy perennials; there are, however, good reasons for doing so, and as these extra fine border plants are

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Petasites Vulgaris.

Petasites Vulgaris.

Syns. Tussilago Petasites and T. Fragrans; Winter Heliotrope and Common Butterbur ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . I must explain why this native weed, of rampant growth and perennial character, is here mentioned as a fit subject for the garden. It blooms in the depth of winter—in fact, all winter; the flowers are not showy at all, but they are deliciously scented, whence the specific name fragrans and the common one "Winter Heliotrope," as resembling the scent of heliotrope. In its wild state it does no

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Phlox.

Phlox.

Hybrid Tall Varieties; Sub-Sections, Suffruticosa and Decussata (Early and Late Flowering ); Nat. Ord. Polemoniaceæ . These noble flowers are not only beautiful as individuals, but the cheerful appearance of our gardens during the autumn is much indebted to them; the great variety in colour and shade is as remarkable as it is effective. The finer sorts are known as "florists' flowers," being named. Whence they came (from which species) is not so clear, but in other respects than form and habit t

4 minute read

Read Chapter

Phlox Frondosa.

Phlox Frondosa.

Fronded P. ; Nat. Ord. Polemoniaceæ . A hardy creeper; one of the dwarf section, having half-woody, wiry stems. For this and many other species of the Creeping Phlox we are indebted to North America. Of late years these beautiful flowers have received much attention, not only from the trade, but also from amateurs, some of whom have taken much pains in crossing the species by hybridising, notably the late Rev. J. G. Nelson. Perhaps the most distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf Phloxes is the

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Physalis Alkekengi.

Physalis Alkekengi.

Winter Cherry ; Nat. Ord. Solanaceæ . This plant begins to flower in summer; but as a garden subject its blossom is of no value; the fine large berries, however, which are suspended in orange-yellow husks of large size, are very ornamental indeed, and form a very pleasing object amongst other "autumnal tints." It is not till October that the fruit begins to show its richness of colour. The plant is quite hardy, though a native of southern Europe; it is also herbaceous and perennial, and it has b

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Podophyllum Peltatum.

Podophyllum Peltatum.

Duck's-foot , sometimes called May Apple ; Nat. Ord. Podophyllaceæ . A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, more or less grown in English gardens since 1664. As may be seen from the illustration (Fig. 75), it is an ornamental plant, and though its flowers are interesting, they are neither showy nor conspicuous, as, from the peculiar manner in which they are produced, they are all but invisible until sought out. Its leaves and berries constitute the more ornamental parts of the plant. T

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Polyanthus.

Polyanthus.

Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This, with its numerous varieties, comes under Primula veris , or the common Cowslip. The improved varieties which have sprung from this native beauty of our meadows and hedgerows are innumerable, and include the rich "gold-laced" kinds—which are cared for like children and are annually placed on the exhibition tables—as well as the homely kinds, which grow in the open borders by the hundred. The Polyanthus is eminently a flower for English gardens; and this country is not

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Polygonum Brunonis.

Polygonum Brunonis.

Knotweed ; Nat. Ord. Polygonaceæ . This is a dwarf species from India, but quite hardy. It is pretty, interesting, and useful. The flowers are produced on erect stems a foot high, and formed in spikes 3in. to 5in. long, which are as soft as down and smell like heather. The colour is a soft rose. These flowers spring from a dense mass of rich foliage; the leaves in summer and early autumn are of a pleasing apple-green colour, smooth, oblong, and nearly spoon-shaped from the narrowing of the lower

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Polygonum Cuspidatum.

Polygonum Cuspidatum.

Cuspid Knotweed ; Nat. Ord. Polygonaceæ . A recent introduction from China, perfectly hardy, shrub-like but herbaceous; a rampant grower, attaining the height of 6ft. or 7ft., and spreading fast by means of root suckers. During the early spring it pushes its fleshy shoots, and the coloured leaves, which are nearly red, are very pleasing; as they unfold they are seen to be richly veined, and are as handsome as the beautiful Fittonias, so much admired as hothouse plants. The long slender stems gro

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.

Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.

Knotweed ; Nat. Ord. Polygonaceæ . Very hardy and effective. I simply mention this as a foliage plant. The leaves are large, drooping, and finely splashed or marbled with pale green and yellow, in shape oval-oblong, being crimped between the veins. It is a scarce variety. Fine for the sub-tropical garden. Culture, the same as for all the Knotweeds. Flowering period, late summer....

19 minute read

Read Chapter

Polygonum Vaccinifolium.

Polygonum Vaccinifolium.

Vaccinium-leaved Knotweed ; Nat. Ord. Polygonaceæ . It may seem odd that we should go into the Dock family for plants and flowers for our gardens; still we may, and find some truly beautiful species. The above-named is a charming alpine, coming from the Himalayas, and proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is seldom met with and cannot be generally known, otherwise it would be more patronised; it forms a pretty dwarf shrub, with woody slender stems, clothed with small shining foliage. The flo

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Potentilla Fruticosa.

Potentilla Fruticosa.

Shrubby Cinquefoil ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ . In mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild, and it is much grown in gardens, where it not only proves very attractive, but from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the summer and autumn months, it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful. The flowers, which are lemon yellow, are in form like those of its relative, the strawberry, but smaller; they are produced in terminal small bunches, but seldom are more than two or thr

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Pratia Repens.

Pratia Repens.

Syn. Lobelia Pratiana; Creeping Pratia ; sometimes called Lobelia Repens ; Nat. Ord. Lobeliaceæ . In October this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork, when the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods. These berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant, and of a bright and pleasing colour. These, together with the few flowers that linger, backed up, as they are, with a dense bed of foliage, interlaced with its numerous filiform stems, present this subject in its

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Acaulis.

Primula Acaulis.

Syn. P. Vulgaris, Common Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This common native flower needs no description, growing everywhere, yet we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens, though it may, perhaps, be seen wild close by. It is a flower of more interest than ordinary, and to the florist of some importance. The great variety of double and single primroses have all sprung from this, the modest form found in our woods and damp hedgerows, and the number is being added to year by year. The gener

4 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Capitata.

Primula Capitata.

Round-headed Primula ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before referring to this Primula in particular, I would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine Primulæ in general. It may appear strange and, on my part, somewhat presumptuous, when I state that this section of the Primula family is little known. Gardeners, both old and young, who have seen them in collections, have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring their lovely flowers. They are, however,

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Cashmerianum.

Primula Cashmerianum.

Cashmere Primrose ; Nat Ord. Primulaceæ . This belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section, and though it comes (as its name specifies) from a much warmer climate than ours, its habitat was found at a great altitude, and it has been proved to be perfectly hardy in North Britain. This species is comparatively new to English gardens, but it has already obtained great favour and is much grown (see Fig. 76). No collection of Primulæ can well be without it; its boldness, even in its young stat

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Denticulata.

Primula Denticulata.

Toothed Primula ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This is one of that section of the Primrose family having stout scapes and compact heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent introduction from the Himalayas, a true alpine, and perfectly hardy in this climate. As a garden flower, it has much merit, blooming early and profusely. It cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty as a flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. The flower buds begin in very early spring to rise on

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Farinosa.

Primula Farinosa.

Mealy Primrose , or Bird's-eye ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . The pretty native species, very common in a wild state in some parts, near which, of course, it need not be grown in gardens; but as its beauty is unquestionable, and as there are many who do not know it, and evidently have never seen it, it ought to have a place in the garden. It is herbaceous and perennial. All its names are strictly descriptive. The little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye, and the whole plant is thickly covered w

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Marginata.

Primula Marginata.

Syn. P. Crenata ; Margined Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . A native of Switzerland, so rich in alpine flowers; this is but a small species, yet very distinct and conspicuous (see Fig. 77). As its specific name denotes, its foliage has a bold margin, as if stitched with white silken thread, and the whole plant is thickly covered with a mealy substance. So distinct in these respects is this lovely species that, with, perhaps, one exception, it may easily be identified from all others, P. auricul

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Purpurea.

Primula Purpurea.

Purple-flowered Primula ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . A truly grand primrose of the same section as P. denticulata , coming also from an alpine habitat, viz., the higher elevations of the Himalayas. It has not long been in cultivation in this country compared with our knowledge of the Himalayan flora. It is perfectly hardy, but seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved kinds. I never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in sand and leaf mould; the specime

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Scotica.

Primula Scotica.

Scottish Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . This charming little member of the British flora very much resembles the native Bird's-eye Primrose ( P. farinosa ), which is very common in some parts. It is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species, but many botanists believe it to be such. As a matter of fact, it is different from P. farinosa in several important points, though they are not seen at a mere glance. That it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy habit may, indeed, be read

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Sikkimensis.

Primula Sikkimensis.

Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . The specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its habitat, Sikkim, in the Himalayas, where it was found not many years ago. It is not largely cultivated yet—probably not well known. It may, however, be frequently met with in choice collections, where no plant is more worthy of a place. Its general character may be said to be very distinct, especially when in flower. It is herbaceous, hardy, and perennial. Its hardiness has been questioned for several ye

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.

Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.

Double-flowered Primrose ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . It is not intended to descant upon, or even attempt to name, the many forms of Double Primrose; the object is more to direct the attention of the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in every garden. Let me at once state its chief points. Colour, yellow; flowers, large, full, clear, and sweetly scented, produced regularly twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen, handsome, and supporting the flowers from earth spla

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Pulmonarias.

Pulmonarias.

Lungworts ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . In speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials, I should wish to be understood that the section, often and more properly called Mertensia , is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of both flowers and foliage. Most of the Pulmonarias begin to flower early in March, and continue to do so for a very long time, quite two months. For the most part, the flowers (which are borne on stems about 8in. high, in straggling clusters) are of

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Puschkinia Scilloides.

Puschkinia Scilloides.

Scilla-like Puschkinia , or Striped Squill ; Syns. P. Libanotica, Adamsia Scilloides ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this charming bulbous plant is like the scillas; it may, therefore, be useful to point out the distinctions which divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at a glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or corona, having six lobes and a membranous fringe. This crown is connected at the base of the divisions of the

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Pyrethrum Uliginosum.

Pyrethrum Uliginosum.

Marsh Feverfew ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . A very bold and strong growing species, belonging to a numerous genus; it comes to us from Hungary, and has been grown more or less in English gardens a little over sixty years. It is a distinct species, its large flowers, the height to which it grows, and the strength of its willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics. Still, to anyone with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants, it asserts itself at once as a Pyrethrum. It is hardy, herbaceous, and

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Ramondia Pyrenaica.

Ramondia Pyrenaica.

Syns. Chaixia Myconi and Verbascum Myconi ; Nat. Ord. Solanaceæ . This is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant, from the Pyrenees, the one and only species of the genus. Although it is sometimes called a Verbascum or Mullien, it is widely distinct from all the plants of that family. To lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most desirable; small as it is, it is full of character. The flowers, when held up to a good light, are seen to be downy and of ice-like transparency; they are o

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Ranunculus Aconitifolius.

Ranunculus Aconitifolius.

Aconite-leaved Crowfoot , or Bachelors' Buttons ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . An herbaceous perennial, of the alpine parts of Europe, and for a long time cultivated in this country. It grows 1ft. high, is much branched in zigzag form, and produces numerous flowers, resembling those of the strawberry, but only about half the size; the leaves are finely cut and of a dark green colour; it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers, but the reason why I briefly speak of it here is that I may more pro

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.

Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.

Double Acrid Crowfoot, Yellow Bachelor's Buttons ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . The type of this is a common British plant, most nearly related to the field buttercup. I am not going to describe it, but mention it as I wish to introduce R. acris fl.-pl. , sometimes called "yellow Bachelor's Buttons"—indeed, that is the correct common name for it, as used fully 300 years ago. In every way, with the exception of its fine double flowers, it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it need

37 minute read

Read Chapter

Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.

Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.

Stem-clasping Ranunculus ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . A very hardy subject; effective and beautiful. The form of this plant is exceedingly neat, and its attractiveness is further added to by its smooth and pale glaucous foliage. It was introduced into this country more than 200 years ago, from the Pyrenees. Still it is not generally grown, though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class merit (see Fig. 80). The shortest and, perhaps, best description of its flowers will be given

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Ranunculus Speciosum.

Ranunculus Speciosum.

Showy Crowfoot ; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ . This is another double yellow form of the Buttercup. It has only recently come into my possession. The blooms are very large and beautiful, double the size of R. acris fl.-pl. , and a deeper yellow; the habit, too, is much more dwarf, the leaves larger, but similar in shape. Flowering period, April to June. All the foregoing Crowfoots are of the easiest culture, needing no particular treatment; but they like rich and deep soil. They may be increased by d

30 minute read

Read Chapter

Rudbeckia Californica.

Rudbeckia Californica.

Californian Cone-flower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This, in all its parts, is a very large and showy subject; the flowers are 3in. to 6in. across, in the style of the sunflower. It has not long been grown in English gardens, and came, as its name implies, from California: it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned flowers, being nearly related to the genus Helianthus , or sunflower. It is not only perfectly hardy in this climate, which is more than can be said of very many of the Califo

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Rudbeckia Serotina.

Rudbeckia Serotina.

Late Cone-flower ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This hardy American species, though not an old plant in English gardens, is nevertheless classed with "old-fashioned" plants and flowers; and certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers, together with its likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favours such classification. It is the latest of a late-flowering genus. It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are of irregular shape, some oval and pointed, others, on the same plant, being

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Salix Reticulata.

Salix Reticulata.

Wrinkled or Netted Willow ; Nat. Ord. Salicaceæ . A native deciduous shrub, of creeping or prostrate habit, not growing higher than 2in. As the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting to the botanist or when under the microscope, let me at once say I mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality of foliage. When grown on rockwork, no other plant can compare with it, and where choice spring bulbs are planted, this handsome creeper may be allowed, without injury t

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Bloodroot ; Nat. Ord. Papaveraceæ . This is a native of North America, and is, therefore, hardy in this climate; tuberous rooted. It is a curious plant, not only from its great fulness of sap or juice, which is red (that of the root being darker, whence its name Bloodroot), but also because of the shape of its leaves, their colour, and method of development (see Fig. 81). Though very dwarf, it is handsome and distinct. The flowers are pure white and nearly 2in. across; the petals have good subst

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saponaria Ocymoides.

Saponaria Ocymoides.

Rock Soapwort , or Basil-leaved Soapwort : Nat. Ord. Silenaceæ . A very hardy alpine from France, and one of the most floriferous subjects that can be placed on rockwork, where should be its position. During a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow into a large cushion 2ft. in diameter, and only 6in. or 9in. high. In planting it this fact should not be overlooked, not only for the sake of giving it plenty of room, but also in order that less vigorous subjects near it may

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Burseriana.

Saxifraga Burseriana.

Burser's Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A hardy evergreen alpine. A native of Carniola, not long discovered, and quite new to English gardens. Though it belongs to a very extensive genus, it is a distinct species; many of the Saxifrages are not so, neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but large or scientific gardens. This one, however, is a truly handsome kind, and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak and dull weather of mid-winter. The pl

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Cæsia.

Saxifraga Cæsia.

Silver Moss , or Grey Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . One of the alpine gems. This has been grown in English gardens since 1752, yet good specimens are rarely met with, though its culture is simple and easy. It is found wild on the Alps of Switzerland, Austria, and the Pyrenees. To the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine plants, this will be a treasure; it is very distinct in form, habit, and colour. Its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to rise from the ground,

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Ceratophylla.

Saxifraga Ceratophylla.

Horn-leaved Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . For the most part, this numerous genus flowers in spring and early summer, the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers; its flowers however, like most of the Saxifrages, are small and insignificant; on the other hand, its foliage, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 83) is highly ornamental. In November, the grand half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished with a whitish exudation, which, seen thr

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Ciliata.

Saxifraga Ciliata.

Hairy-margined Saxifrage ; Syn. Megasea Ciliata ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is a peculiar, distinct, and beautiful form of Saxifrage; there seems, however, to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature. That it belongs to the Megasea section there can be little doubt, so that its synonym ( M. ciliata ) is fairly descriptive; but when it is said to be identical with S. ligulata , also of the Megasea section, the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is very great inde

5 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.

Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A first-class herbaceous perennial, grown for over a hundred years in English gardens; it comes from Siberia, and consequently, it is very hardy in this climate. The Megasea section of the Saxifraga is a very distinct genus; there are several forms with but slight distinctions in the section, but the species now under notice may be readily distinguished from its nearest known relatives, first by its extra size in all its parts, next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves. T

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Coriophylla.

Saxifraga Coriophylla.

This is a rather recently discovered alpine species, very dwarf, but beautiful. The specific name would appear to be in allusion to its flowers as pink-shaped; they are very small, but the reader, by referring to the cut (Fig. 85), may form his own opinion of such likeness; however well founded or otherwise the name may be, we have in this subject a gem for the rock garden. It is a native of Albania, and belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and obtuse leaves, or blun

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Fortunei.

Saxifraga Fortunei.

Fortune's Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This, as may at once be seen by a glance at Fig. 86, belongs to the lobed-leafed section. It is as yet new in English gardens, and is often grown in pots in warm glasshouses. It is, however, perfectly hardy, having stood out with me in the open for the past three years. It is nearly related to S. japonica and its varieties, but is without the stolons or runners. In this climate, with outdoor treatment, it flowers in October until cut down by frost,

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.

Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . One of the large-leaved species (see Fig. 87) compared with others of the Megasea section, its leaves are strap-like, as implied by the specific name. It is sometimes called Megasea ciliata , but there is a large-leaved species, commonly called S. ciliata , which is very distinct from this one, and it is all the more important that they should not be confounded with each other, as S. ciliata is not very hardy, whilst this is perfectly so, being also one of our finest her

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Longifolia.

Saxifraga Longifolia.

Long-leaved Saxifrage ; Queen of Saxifrages ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . Numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus, this is the most admired of them all, from which fact it derives its proud name of "Queen." It is of recent introduction; habitat, the Pyrenees; but though of alpine origin, it thrives in lower, I may say the lowest, situations even in our wet climate. As will be seen by the illustration (Fig. 88), it belongs to the rosette section, and may indeed be said,

4 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Macnabiana.

Saxifraga Macnabiana.

MacNab's Saxifraga ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is a new and very beautiful variety, called after Mr. MacNab, who raised it in 1877. Of the several hundreds of species and varieties of this genus, it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards its habit and rich flowers. So pronounced are its merit that, although I have not grown it for more than four years or so, I can have no hesitation in sounding its praise. It is possible that when it has become better established in the co

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Mutata.

Saxifraga Mutata.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A somewhat rare alpine species, evergreen, hardy, very distinct and beautiful. It is one of the rosette forms, after the style of S. pyramidalis , but there are several important variations about the plant, other than in the flowers, which are totally different. There are many peculiarities about this species, but they would hardly require to be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit. When in bloom it is highly decorative, and the flowers in a cut state

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Oppositifolia (Lin.)

Saxifraga Oppositifolia (Lin.)

Purple Mountain Saxifrage , Purple Saxifrage , Blue Saxifrage , Opposite-leaved Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . During the month of March this is one of the most effective flowers in our gardens. The mossy appearance of its foliage, when dotted with its large blossoms, is hardly less beautiful than when the whole broad spreading tufts are literally packed with them. This must be a dear flower to all lovers of our native flora, for it not only comes very early, and in its wild homes on the I

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Paradoxa.

Saxifraga Paradoxa.

Paradoxical Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . One of the less known and, perhaps, somewhat rare saxifrages; it is a curious, distinct, and beautiful form, being of that class which the lover of the ornamental kinds most admires, for not only is it attractive all the year round, but additionally so when there cannot be seen any part of a growing or decaying flower stem upon it, and when its silvery, but lax rosettes, with their encrustments and glistening leaf dots, are perfectly matured, whic

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Pectinata.

Saxifraga Pectinata.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This belongs to the encrusted section, being most distinctly toothed; from this it takes its name; the teeth are large for such small leaves. Specimens of this Saxifrage, though small, are exceedingly pretty. Excepting when there is fog or rain, it is nearly white; and the rosettes, of various sizes, from ¼in. to 1in. across, are not only neat in themselves, but are densely and pleasingly arranged in a hard flat mass. It is never more beautiful, not even in May and June,

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Peltata.

Saxifraga Peltata.

A new species to English gardens, hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, imported from North America; it is a truly noble plant. The illustration (Fig. 90) will convey some idea of its fine form, but the reader must rely on the description for its size when fully developed. When the flowers of this Saxifrage are in their best form, the noble foliage is scarcely half developed; a drawing, therefore (though it could hardly be made at a stage when the plant is more interesting), must necessarily fail, i

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Purpurascens.

Saxifraga Purpurascens.

Large-leaved Purple Saxifraga , Megasea section ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A rare plant of great beauty. It is figured here without flowers, as I consider it in finer form then than when in bloom. Fine as its flowers are, much resembling those of S. cordifolia and S. crassifolia (also of the Megasea section); the brightness and colouring of its leaves in autumn are such as to render it distinct from all the other species. I need only ask the reader to note the fine foliage indicated in the cut (

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Pyramidalis.

Saxifraga Pyramidalis.

Pyramidal Saxifraga ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This is a very handsome form or variety of S. Cotyledon , and belongs to the alpine regions of Europe. As a decorative subject for our gardens, it is highly and deservedly esteemed; its attractiveness consists more in the numbers and arrangement of the flowers than in any beauty which belongs to them individually, though they are not devoid of that quality. Of the many hundreds of species and varieties of Saxifrages which bloom during the month of J

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Rocheliana.

Saxifraga Rocheliana.

Rochel's Saxifrage ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . Another hardy evergreen species, distinct in form, foliage and flowers, and a native of the alpine regions of central Europe; it nevertheless thrives well in our climate with ordinary care. Its foliage takes the form of miniature rosettes, which are closely packed; the tiny leaves are distinctly and regularly dotted; and present a frosted appearance. The flowers are unimportant, though they form an interesting feature of such a choice and somewhat ra

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Umbrosa.

Saxifraga Umbrosa.

London Pride ; Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . This common flower is well known, and is only mentioned here as the typical form, and by way of introducing a beautiful variety called S. u. variegata , broad cushions of which, from their verdant condition, good habit, and pleasing variations of leaf colour, are amongst the more attractive objects of the garden in January. It hardly need be said that the plant is not valued for its flowers, which are similar to those of the parent form and borne at a corr

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Saxifraga Wallacei.

Saxifraga Wallacei.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . A hardy perennial hybrid variety, of first-class merit. Its loose and spreading panicles of large pure white flowers are something better than the ordinary run of bloom belonging to this extensive genus; it is said to be the offspring of species of the mossy section; but there is certainly a great likeness about its foliage to some of the horny section, such as S. cornutum or S. pentadactylis , or even the handsome S. geranioides . It would, however, be hard to say what

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Scilla Campanulata.

Scilla Campanulata.

Bell-flowered Scilla or Bluebell ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy bulbous perennial, introduced from Spain 200 years ago. It very much resembles the English hyacinth— H. nutans , or Scilla non-scripta —better known as the wood hyacinth. Handsome as this simple flower is, it might have been omitted from these notes as a plant too well known, but for the fact that there are several varieties of the species which are less known, very beautiful, and deliciously fragrant, entitling them to a place amon

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Sedum Sieboldi.

Sedum Sieboldi.

Siebold's Stonecrop ; Nat. Ord. Crassulaceæ . This is a capital species. It is perfectly hardy, though not generally known to be so. It is more often seen under glass, and is certainly a pretty pot plant. Its stems are 12in. or less in length, slender and procumbent. The leaves, which are rather larger than a shilling, fleshy, cupped, and glaucous, are curiously arranged on the stems, somewhat reflexed, and otherwise twisted at their axils, presenting a flattened but pleasing appearance. The sma

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Sedum Spectabile.

Sedum Spectabile.

Showy Stonecrop ; Nat. Ord. Crassulaceæ . Hardy and herbaceous. This is one of our finest autumn bloomers. During September, the broad massive heads of small rosy flowers, which are arranged in cymes 6in. across, are very attractive, and will, with average weather, keep in good form for a month. This species is somewhat mixed up with another called S. Fabarium ; by many they are said to be identical, but such is not the case. I grow them side by side, and I may say that they are as "like as two

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Sempervivum Laggeri.

Sempervivum Laggeri.

Lagger's Houseleek ; Nat. Ord. Crassulaceæ. Of the numerous species and varieties of Houseleek, this is at once the most curious, interesting, and beautiful. It is by far the finest of the webbed forms. It has, however, the reputation of not being quite hardy, but that it will endure our severest winters is without doubt, and if we recall its habitats, which are in alpine regions, its hardiness in a low temperature need not be further questioned. Still, partly from its downy nature, and partly f

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Senecio Pulcher.

Senecio Pulcher.

Noble Groundsel ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ. Autumn is the heyday of Composite flowers. The one now under notice has the merit of being of an unusual and beautiful colour, viz., purplish crimson. It is, in fact, a new plant in English gardens, and has been justly described as one of the finest imports of recent years; it has only to be seen in order to commend itself to all lovers of hardy flowers (see Fig. 96). It is a robust grower, ranking with the more noble subjects suitable for the borders. Its

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.

Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.

Satin-Flower , or Rush Lily ; Nat. Ord. Iridaceæ. The generic name of this flower is in reference to the grubbing of swine for its roots, and means "pig-snout." The common names may be seen, by a glance at the cut (Fig. 97), to be most appropriate; that of Satin-flower is of American origin the plant being a native of Oregon, and is in reference to its rich satiny blossom; that of Rush-lily, which is, perhaps, an even more suitable name, has been recently applied to it, I believe, in this countr

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Soldanellas.

Soldanellas.

Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . Diminutive herbaceous alpine perennials. This genus is small in number of known species as in size of specimens. They are found in very high altitudes in the Tyrol, Switzerland, and Germany; but they are easily managed even in our foggy climate, as is shown by the fact of the various species being grown in all collections of alpines; and, indeed, no collection can be said to be complete without such gems—they are great favourites, as they well deserve to be. They flower in

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Spiræa Palmata.

Spiræa Palmata.

Palm-like Spiræa ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ. A bold and handsome species from China, imported about sixty years ago. It is perfectly hardy, though, generally grown in pots and under glass. It belongs to the herbaceous section, and I may as well state at once that the Spiræas—more especially the herbaceous kinds—are only decorative when in flower, by which I wish to convey the idea that after they have done flowering, from their abundant foliage, which then begins to turn sere and ragged, they become un

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Spiræa Ulmaria Variegata.

Spiræa Ulmaria Variegata.

Syn. S. Odorata Fol. Var. ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ. The beautiful variegated form of the well-known "Meadowsweet," other old names being "Mead-sweet," and "Queen of the Meadows." The typical form, at least, needs no description, it being one of the commonest and most appreciated plants of the British flora. This variety, however, is less known; it differs only as regards the markings of the foliage. When the crimped leaves are young, the broad golden patches are very effective, and when the plants ar

48 minute read

Read Chapter

Spiræa Venusta.

Spiræa Venusta.

Queen of the Prairie ; Nat. Ord. Rosaceæ . A comparatively new species of the herbaceous section, from North America. In good deep loam it grows to the height of 3ft. or more. The flowers are of a soft red, after the manner of those of S. palmata , but rather differently arranged, viz., in clustered sprays or cymes, which bend outwards; they are durable and very effective, even when seen at some distance in the garden, whilst for cutting they are flowers of first-class merit; the leaves are larg

42 minute read

Read Chapter

Statice Latifolia.

Statice Latifolia.

Broad-leaved Sea-lavender ; Nat. Ord. Plumbaginaceæ . This hardy perennial is all but evergreen in this climate. Probably there are two varieties of it, as although the plants in growth and form correspond, there is a notable difference in the habit of some specimens, as regards the greenness of the foliage in winter; whilst one shrivels and blackens the other will remain more or less green. It is possible that the native countries from which they come may have something to do with this fact. Th

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Statice Profusa.

Statice Profusa.

Profuse Sea-lavender ; Nat. Ord. Plumbaginaceæ . A hybrid hardy form, not to be confounded with the hairy-leaved and tender kind commonly grown under glass, which has the same name. All the Sea-lavenders are profuse blooming, but the one now under notice is more especially so, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 100). The seed of this genus is prolific in varieties, and, although the name of this variety, or even the plant, may not be generally known, and the parentage, perhaps, untraceable

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Stenactis Speciosus.

Stenactis Speciosus.

Syn. Erigeron Speciosus; Showy Fleabane ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This has not long been cultivated in this country; but though a native of the warm climate of California, it proves to be one of the most hardy of herbaceous perennials; it begins to flower in early summer, but August is the heyday of its showiness, and it continues at least a month longer. Its more recent name, Stenactis , is, according to Paxton, a happy and appropriate derivation, and tends much to explain the form of flower, " S

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Stokesia Cyanea.

Stokesia Cyanea.

Jasper-blue Stokesia , or Stokes' Aster ; Nat. Ord. Compositæ . This handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial was brought from Carolina in the year 1766. It is the only species known of the genus, and was named after Jonathan Stokes, M.D., who assisted Withering, the botanist, in his arrangement of British plants. The order which includes it is a very extensive one, and it may be useful to add that it belongs to the sub-order Carduaceæ , or the Thistle family. The mention of this relationship may n

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Symphytum Caucasicum.

Symphytum Caucasicum.

Caucasian Comfrey ; Nat. Ord. Boraginaceæ . A comparatively modern species in English gardens, belonging to a genus well represented by native species, from which this differs mainly in being less tall and hairy, and otherwise less coarse. The erect habit, and abundant azure flowers produced in pendent form, which, moreover, last for several weeks, go to make this a capital border plant. If not an old species, from its resemblance to some which are so, it is rendered a suitable companion to "old

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Tiarella Cordifolia.

Tiarella Cordifolia.

Nat. Ord. Saxifragaceæ . The illustration (Fig. 102), together with the order given to which it belongs, will convey a fair idea of the style and habit of the plant, but its exquisite flowers must be seen to be appreciated, and hardly could they appear to more advantage than in a growing state, the rich foliage forming their most natural and effective ground. This hardy herbaceous perennial has been known to English gardens for 150 years, and was introduced from North America, where it grows in

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Trientalis Europæa.

Trientalis Europæa.

European Wintergreen , or Star-flower ; Nat. Ord. Primulaceæ . Some may say, "Why, this is a common British plant;" and so it is in some parts, but for all that there are many who have never seen it. In no way does the mention here of this lovely little flower need an apology: the best possible reasons for growing and recommending it are in the facts that it is very beautiful and greatly admired (see Fig. 103). The flowers, which are ¾in. across, are salver-shaped, pure white, excepting for a da

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Trillium Erectum.

Trillium Erectum.

Erect Wood-lily ; Nat. Ord. Melanthaceæ . A hardy, tuberous perennial, from North America, whence most, perhaps all, the species of this genus are imported. The peculiar form of the plants gives rise to the generic name. A flowering specimen has on one stem three leaves, three sepals, and three petals; the specific name is in reference to the more erect habit of this species compared with others. Of T. erectum there are several varieties, having different-coloured flowers; the specimens from whi

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Triteleia Uniflora.

Triteleia Uniflora.

Sometimes called Milla Uniflora ; One-flowered Triteleia , or Spring Star Flower ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is a favourite flower, and in some soils increases very fast; it is the commonest species of the very limited genus to which it belongs; was brought from South America only so recently as 1836, and it is already extensively grown in this country, and as a trade article is very cheap indeed, thanks to its intrinsic worth. Though small, its star-like form gives it a lively and effective app

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Tritoma Uvaria.

Tritoma Uvaria.

Great Tritoma ; Common Names , Flame-flower , Red-hot Poker ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ-Hemero-callideæ . This is one of our finest late-flowering plants; it has, moreover, a tropical appearance, which renders it very attractive. It is fast becoming popular, though as yet it is not very often seen in private gardens; it comes from the Cape of Good Hope, its year of introduction being 1707. In this climate, when planted in well-exposed situations and in sandy loam, it proves hardy but herbaceous; if pro

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Tropæolum Tuberosum.

Tropæolum Tuberosum.

Tuberous Tropæolum ; Nat. Ord. Tropæolaceæ . All the species of this genus are highly decorative garden subjects, including the annual varieties, and otherwise they are interesting. They are known by various names, as Trophy-plant, Indian Cress, and Nasturtium, though the latter is only applicable strictly to plants of another order. The plant under notice is a climber, herbaceous and perennial, having tuberous roots, whence its specific name; they much resemble small potatoes, and are eaten in

3 minute read

Read Chapter

Umbilicus Chrysanthus.

Umbilicus Chrysanthus.

Nat. Ord. Crassulaceæ . This is a very pretty and distinct subject, and never fails to flower very late in the year. It is a plant having the appearance of being tender, and is not often seen growing fully exposed in the garden; it is, however, perfectly hardy, enduring any amount of cold; it suffers more from wet. It is also evergreen. Its soft dull or greyish-green rosettes are in marked contrast with the rigid and shining sempervivums, in the company of which it is frequently placed. It is an

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa.

Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa.

Red Whortle-berry ; sometimes called Cow-berry ; Nat. Ord. Vaccinaceæ . Although a native evergreen, and in some parts occurring extensively, it proves to be both decorative and useful as a garden subject; as a neat evergreen it is worthy of a place, especially when it is not to be found near in a wild state. It is seldom seen without either its waxy and pink-tinted white flowers or its bright clusters of red berries, but in October it carries both, which, together with the fine condition of the

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Veronica Gentianoides.

Veronica Gentianoides.

Syn. V. Gentianifolia ; Gentian-leaved Speedwell ; Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . This is a distinct and pleasing species, viewed as a garden plant. It is very hardy, and one of the herbaceous kinds; it has been grown in English gardens nearly 150 years, and came originally from the Levant. It is pretty widely used, but it deserves a place in every garden; not only are its tall spikes of flowers effective during their season, but the foliage, compared with other Veronicas, is of a bright and plump

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Veronica Pinguifolia.

Veronica Pinguifolia.

Fat-leaved Speedwell ; Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . This is a rather uncommon species, being of the shrubby section, but unlike many of its relative kinds, it is perfectly hardy, also evergreen and very dwarf; a specimen three or four years old is but a diminutive bush, 18in. through and 8in. high. The habit is dense, the main or old branches are prostrate, the younger wood being erect and full of very short side shoots. The flowers are produced on the new wood; the chubby flower-spikes issue fro

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Veronica Prostrata.

Veronica Prostrata.

Prostrate Speedwell ; Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceæ . This is sometimes confounded with V. repens , I presume from the slight distinction in the specific names, but so different are the two species that no one who has seen them can possibly take one for the other. V. repens is herb-like; it creeps and roots, and has nearly white flowers in April; but V. prostrata is a deciduous trailer, and the more common and best form has fine gentian-blue flowers; it is a capital rock plant, being most effective

54 minute read

Read Chapter

Vesicaria Græca.

Vesicaria Græca.

Nat. Ord. Cruciferæ . This beautiful, diminutive, hardy evergreen shrub comes to us from Switzerland, being an alpine species (see Fig. 109). When in flower it does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in., at which time it is very showy, covered, as it is, with flowers of the brightest golden yellow, surpassing the golden alyssum, which in some respects it resembles, being half woody, possessing greyish leaves, and dense heads of flowers, which, however, are arranged in small corymbs, and being al

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Viola Pedata.

Viola Pedata.

Pedate-leaved or Bird's-foot Violet ; Nat. Ord. Violaceæ . Over a hundred years ago this hardy herbaceous violet was introduced from North America; still, it is not largely grown, though it is now becoming quite a favourite. As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 110), it is distinct in general appearance, more especially in the foliage, which in its young state is bird-foot-shaped, whence the appropriateness of its specific name; it should perhaps be explained that the leaves are very small c

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Viola Tricolor.

Viola Tricolor.

Three-coloured Violet, Pansy , or Heartsease ; Nat. Ord. Violaceæ . This well known herbaceous perennial is a British species. It has long been grown in gardens, where, by selection and crossing, innumerable and beautiful kinds have been produced, so that at the present time it is not only a "florist's flower," but a general favourite. Besides the above-mentioned common names, it has many others, and it may not be uninteresting to repeat them—"Love in Idleness," "Call me to you," "Kiss me ere I

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Yucca Filamentosa.

Yucca Filamentosa.

Thready-leaved Yucca ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is of a more deciduous nature than Y. gloriosa , reclothing itself each spring more amply with foliage. In December, however, it is in fine form, and though it is a better flowering species than most of its genus, and to a fair extent valuable for its flowers, it will be more esteemed, perhaps, as a shrub of ornamental foliage. It came from Virginia in the year 1675. The flowers are pretty, greenish-white, bell-shaped, and drooping: they are arran

1 minute read

Read Chapter

Yucca Gloriosa.

Yucca Gloriosa.

Glorious Yucca, Adam's Needle ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . A hardy evergreen shrub which has long been grown in England, but for all that is not often met with in private gardens. It is a native of South America, and was brought to our shores in 1596. The genus is remarkable for not flowering constantly in our climate, and also for slow growth; fortunately, both these drawbacks, if one may term them such, are counter-balanced by the handsome foliage of the various species, mostly of an evergreen and v

2 minute read

Read Chapter

Yucca Recurva.

Yucca Recurva.

Recurve-leaved Yucca ; Common Name , Weeping Yucca ; Nat. Ord. Liliaceæ . This is a charming species, perfectly hardy and evergreen; it was brought from Georgia about ninety years ago. The flowers are a greenish-white, and undesirable where the shrub is grown for the sake of its ornamental qualities; fortunately they are far from being constant in their appearance. September is its blooming period in our climate. The leaves are its main feature; with age it becomes rather tall, 6ft. to 9ft. high

2 minute read

Read Chapter

FLOWERING PERIODS.

FLOWERING PERIODS.

As an aid to readers desirous of making a selection of plants which will secure a succession of bloom the year through, we here give a list of those described in the preceding pages, arranged according to their average periods of flowering. Anemone fulgens, Aralia Sieboldi, Bulbocodium vernum, Cheiranthus Cheiri, Crocus medius, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus abchasicus, H. antiquorum, H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. fœtidus, H. guttatus, H. niger, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nu

7 minute read

Read Chapter

COLOURS OF FLOWERS.

COLOURS OF FLOWERS.

The following list will be found useful to those who wish to select flowers of any particular colour:—...

6 minute read

Read Chapter