The Philippines: Past And Present - free ebook by Dean C. (Dean Conant) Worcester

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The Philippines: Past And Present

Dean C. (Dean Conant) Worcester

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58 chapters

The Philippines Past and Present Chapter I View Point and Subject-Matter

The Philippines Past and Present Chapter I View Point and Subject-Matter

All in all we spent a most interesting year, visiting eighteen of the more important islands. 1 Throughout this trip we lived in very close contact with the Filipinos, either occupying the tribunales , the municipal buildings of their towns, where they felt at liberty to call and observe us at all hours of the day and night, or actually living in their houses, which in some instances were not vacated by the owners during our occupancy. Incidentally we saw something of several of the wild tribes,

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Chapter III Insurgent “Coöperation”

Chapter III Insurgent “Coöperation”

It will be remembered that the minutes of the session of the Hong Kong junta at which Aguinaldo reported the result of his negotiations with Pratt and received his instructions relative to the trip to Manila, recorded the fact that there would be no better occasion for the expeditionary forces “to arm themselves at the expense of the Americans,” and that provided with arms the Filipino people would be able to oppose themselves to the United States and combat their demands if they attempted to co

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Chapter IV The Premeditated Insurgent Attack

Chapter IV The Premeditated Insurgent Attack

An Improved Street in the Filipino Quarter of Manila The construction of such streets and drains makes it possible successfully to combat disease. We have already noted that on August 8 Fernando Acevedo wrote General Pío del Pilar recommending that he attack and annihilate the American troops; that on August 10 Pilar wrote Aguinaldo suggesting that the Americans be attacked, and that on August 17 Aguinaldo stated” “The conflict is coming sooner or later.” 2 At this time Sandico entered the servi

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Bulacan

Bulacan

Our travellers next visited Pampanga. Here they apparently overlooked the fact that Aguinaldo did not have “his whole people a unit at his back.” The citizens of Macabebe seem not to have approved of the Aguinaldo regime, for the Insurgent records show that:— “Representatives of the towns of Pampanga assembled in San Fernando on June 26, 1898, and under the presidency of General Maximino Hizon agreed to yield him complete ‘obedience as military governor of the province and representative of the

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Pampanga

Pampanga

While the failure of Messrs. Wilcox and Sargent to learn of the relations between the Tagalogs of Macabebe and their neighbours, or of the fact that people were being publicly tortured in Pampanga, is perhaps not to be wondered at under the circumstances, it is hard to see how they could have failed to hear something of the seriously disturbed conditions in Tarlac if they so much as got off the train there. On August 24 the commissioner in charge of elections in that province asked for troops to

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Tarlac

Tarlac

“I regret exceedingly being compelled to report to you that since Sunday the 25th instant scandalous acts have been going on in the Province of Tarlac, which I represent. On the night of the Sunday mentioned the entire family of the Local Chief of Bamban was murdered, and his house and warehouse were burned. Also the Tax Commissioner and the Secretary, Fabian Ignacio, have been murdered. Last night Señor Jacinto Vega was kidnapped at the town of Gerona; and seven travellers were murdered at O’Do

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Pangasinán

Pangasinán

“In order to dissipate this doubt, in order to do away with abuses, if there are abuses, I made up my mind to send you this account of the condition of things here. I flatter myself that when you learn of the lamentable situation of this province, you will soon deign to take steps to establish order, because thereon depends the tranquillity of Pangasinan and in the end a strict compliance with your superior orders. “There will be no limit to the thanks of the people of this province if their pet

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Nueva Ecija

Nueva Ecija

1 Blount, p. 98. 2 The constitution used was most certainly not patterned after our own. See p. 265. 3 Blount, p. 111. 4 “The light Messrs. Sargent and Wilcox throw on the then universal acknowledgment of the authority of the Aguinaldo government and the perfect tranquillity and public order maintained under it, in the Cagayan valley.”—Blount, pp. 114–115. 5 “The country in fact, as Aguinaldo always claimed in his proclamations of that period seeking recognition of his government by the Powers,

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Chapter VI Insurgent Rule in the Cagayan Valley

Chapter VI Insurgent Rule in the Cagayan Valley

On August 10, 1898, Colonel Daniel Tirona, a native of Cavite Province and one of the intimates of Aguinaldo, was ordered to proceed to Aparri in the Insurgent steamer Filipinas and establish the revolutionary government in northern Luzon. In doing this he was to hold elections for office-holders under Aguinaldo’s government and was authorized to approve or disapprove the results, his action being subject to subsequent revision by Aguinaldo. His forces were composed of four companies armed with

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South Ilocos

South Ilocos

“I am at the present time working with Father Aglipay to have the forces stationed here replaced by our volunteers which I am recruiting, in order to prevent in so far as possible the frequent acts of barbarity which the former are committing in the province. “When the friars from Lepanto arrived here, they were made to publish the following proclamation:— “‘ Proclamation .—We, the friars, declare that all the acts committed by us against the honest Filipinos when we discharged our respective of

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The Province of Manila

The Province of Manila

Having brought our tourist friends safely back to Manila, we must now leave them there and strike out by ourselves if we are to see other provinces. La Laguna lies just east of Manila. Of it we learn that: “Laguna Province was so overrun by bands of robbers that the head of the pueblo of San Pablo ordered the people to concentrate in the town to avoid their attacks.” 7...

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La Laguna

La Laguna

The province of Bataan lies just across the bay from Manila. “On January 10, 1899, the secretary of the interior directed the governor of Bataan Province to ascertain the whereabouts of a number of men who had just deserted with their rifles from the commands there. He was to appeal to their patriotism and tell them that if they would but return to their companies their complaints would be attended to and they would be pardoned.” 8...

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Bataan

Bataan

Zambales joins Bataan on the west and north. On November 13, 1898, Wenceslao Vinvegra wrote to Aguinaldo describing the state of affairs in this province. From his letter we learn that two brothers named Teodoro and Doroteo Pansacula, claiming to be governor and brigadier general respectively, who are charged with abandonment of their posts in the field, disobedience and attempts against the union of the Insurgents, had been committing all manner of abuses. They had organized a band of cut-throa

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Zambales

Zambales

Cavite province lies immediately south of Manila province as the latter was then constituted. On August 24, 1898, the secretary of war wired Aguinaldo that two drunken Americans had been killed by Insurgent soldiers. 13 On the same day General Anderson advised the governor of Cavite that one American soldier had been killed and three wounded by his people, and demanded his immediate withdrawal, with his guard, from the town. 14 The governor asked Aguinaldo for instructions. Aguinaldo replied ins

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Cavite

Cavite

“The native civil officials who took charge of the government of Sorsogón Province when the Spaniards abandoned it did not think it worth while to hoist the insurgent flag until a force of four companies arrived there to take station early in November, 1898. The officer in command promptly ordered the Chinamen in the town of Sorsogón, who are prosperous people, to contribute to the support of his troops. They at once gave him cloth for uniforms, provisions, and 10,000 pesos. This was not suffici

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Sorsogón

Sorsogón

On September 18, 1898, Elias Angeles, a corporal of the guardia civil , headed an uprising against the Spaniards. The Spanish officer in command, and all of his family, were killed by shooting up through the floor of the room which they occupied. Angeles then assumed the title of Politico-Military-Governor. When the Tagálog Vicente Lucban arrived on his way to Samar, he ordered Angeles to meet him at Magarao, with all his troops and arms, disarmed the troops, giving their rifles to his own follo

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Ambos Camarines

Ambos Camarines

Many Chinese were killed at Pasacao; about thirty at Libmanan by order of Vicente Ursua a Tagálog; more than twenty at Calabanga. Conditions became so unbearable that Faustino Santa Ana gathered around him all Bicols who were willing to fight the Tag£logs, but the troubles were finally patched up. American troops had little difficulty in occupying Ambos Camarines and other Bicol provinces, owing to the hatred in which the Tagálogs were held. Conditions in the important island of Mindoro may be i

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Mindoro

Mindoro

On this same trip Captain R.G. Offley, then the American Governor of Mindoro, told me while I was at Pinamalayan that the people there were greatly alarmed because a murderer, liberated under the amnesty, had returned and was prowling about in that vicinity. This man had a rather unique record. He had captured one of his enemies, and after stripping him completely had caused the top of an immense ant-hill to be dug off. The unfortunate victim was then tied, laid on it, and the earth and ants whi

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Palawan

Palawan

Another thing which Blount would have found it inconvenient to discuss is the conduct of the people of Cuyo, at one time the capital of the province. On this island, which contains but twenty-one square miles, there were in 1903 no less than 7545 inhabitants. They hated and feared the people of Mindoro and sent messengers to Iloilo, after the Americans had occupied that place, to beg for a garrison of American troops, and to say that if furnished with an American flag they themselves would defen

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Mindanao

Mindanao

While, as Blount says, the Moros took no part in the insurrection against the United States, the Visayans of Mindanao did, and we had some lively tussles with them in Misamis and in Surigao. It is indeed unthinkable that we should turn Mindanao over to the Moros. Abandonment of it by us would in the end result in this, as they would take possession of the entire island in the course of time. Neither the other wild tribes nor the Filipinos could stand against them. I heartily agree with the concl

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Masbate

Masbate

“When the Treaty of Paris was signed, General Otis was in possession of Cavite and Manila, with less than twenty thousand men under his command, and Aguinaldo was in possession of practically all of the rest of the archipelago with between 35,000 and 40,000 men under his command, armed with guns, and the whole Filipino population were in sympathy with the army of their country.” 44 Ultimately, by one means or another, and chiefly by the use of armed emissaries, the Visayan Islands, with the exce

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Chapter VIII Did We Destroy a Republic?

Chapter VIII Did We Destroy a Republic?

Aguinaldo’s methods in establishing his republic are shown by his order 8 that “any person who fights for his country has absolute power to kill any one not friendly to our cause” and the further order 9 prescribing that twelve lashes should be given to a soldier who lost even a single cartridge, while if he continued to waste ammunition he should be severely punished. In March, 1899, workmen who had abandoned their work in the arsenal at Malolos were arrested, returned, given twenty-five lashes

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The Visayas

The Visayas

With such conditions prevailing among the Filipinos themselves, it was to be expected that the laws of civilized warfare would be violated and that American soldiers taken prisoners would sometimes be treated with barbarity. Flags of truce were deliberately violated. 10 American soldiers were trapped, poisoned 11 and murdered in other ways. 12 It was promptly charged in the United States that American soldiers were committing barbarities, and Blount has revived these old tales. I know personally

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Chapter X Mr. Bryan and Independence

Chapter X Mr. Bryan and Independence

“‘“W. J. Bryan has stated in a speech that his first act upon being elected President will be to declare the independence of the Philippines.” “‘On June 16, 1900, Gen. Riego de Dios, acting head of the Hongkong junta, wrote to Gen. I. Torres (P.I.R., 530), the guerrilla commander in Bulacán Province, and assured him that a little more endurance, a little more constancy, was all that was needed to secure the attainment of their ends. According to their advices the Democratic party would win in th

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Chapter XI The First Philippine Commission

Chapter XI The First Philippine Commission

Blount has incorrectly stated that President McKinley had sent the commission out when the dogs of war were already let loose. 3 The dogs of war had not been loosed when we started, and one of the main purposes in sending us was to keep them in their kennels if possible. Aguinaldo has made the following statements in his “Reseña Verídica”:— “... We, the Filipinos, would have received said commission, as honourable agents of the great America, with demonstrations of true kindness and entire adhes

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Chapter XII The Establishment of Civil Government

Chapter XII The Establishment of Civil Government

We were instructed to investigate troubles growing out of large land holdings, including those of the religious orders, and to promote, extend and improve the system of education already inaugurated by the military authorities, giving first importance to the extension of a system of primary education free to all, which would tend to fit the people for the duties of citizenship and the ordinary avocations of a civilized community. Instruction was to be given at first in the native dialects, but f

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Comparison of Percentages of Americans and Filipinos in the Service

Comparison of Percentages of Americans and Filipinos in the Service

For the first few years after the establishment of the government large numbers of Americans were appointed, as there were comparatively few Filipino candidates with the necessary educational qualifications. During the last two years, 89 per cent of the persons appointed in the islands have been Filipinos. There has been a great increase in the number of Filipinos entering the civil service examinations in English. Ten years ago 97 per cent of those examined took their examinations in Spanish, w

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Chapter XIV The Philippine Constabulary and Public Order

Chapter XIV The Philippine Constabulary and Public Order

In the investigation of crime the members of this organization arrested persons on suspicion and compelled them to make revelations, true or false. Eye-witnesses to the commission of crime were not needed in the Spanish courts of that day. The confession of an accused person secured his conviction, even though not made in the presence of a judge. Indirect and hearsay evidence were accepted, and such things as writs of habeas corpus and the plea of double jeopardy were unknown in Spanish procedur

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Chapter XV The Administration of Justice

Chapter XV The Administration of Justice

University Hall, Manila Filipino judges of courts of first instance seem usually to have been actuated by a desire to do full justice. The instances in which complaints have been made against them because of partiality to party or to race are few. Some of them have been justly criticised for tardiness in cleaning up their dockets, and it is undoubtedly true that their capacity for turning out work is on the average below that of their Americans associates. The fact must not be forgotten that Ame

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Chapter XVI Health Conditions

Chapter XVI Health Conditions

Bakídan This Kalinga chief saved the lives of Colonel Blas Villamor, Mr. Samuel E. Kane, and the author during the first trip ever made through the Kalinga country by outsiders. A distressingly large percentage of native-born infants died before reaching one year of age on account of infection at birth, insufficient clothing, or improper food. I have many times seen a native mother thrust boiled rice into the mouth of a child only a few days old, and I have seen babies taught to smoke tobacco be

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Chapter XVII Baguio and the Benguet Road

Chapter XVII Baguio and the Benguet Road

We insisted on going, so he said that he would send a troop of cavalry with us, and he kept his word. During the last week of July we finally sailed from Manila on a naval vessel for San Fernando in the province of Union. From this place we expected to go by road as far as Naguilian, in the same province, and thence on horseback to Trinidad and Baguio, in Benguet. In order to expedite investigations as much as possible we took with us Mr. Horace L. Higgins, president of the Manila and Dagupan Ra

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Chapter XVIII The Coördination of Scientific Work

Chapter XVIII The Coördination of Scientific Work

As we had neither laboratories, hospital nor college at the time, the realization of this somewhat comprehensive scheme seemed rather remote. It was commonly referred to as “Worcester’s dream,” and one of my friends in the army medical corps probably quite correctly voiced public sentiment when he said, “Poor Worcester has bats in his belfry.” However, he laughs best who laughs last! After the lapse of a good many years my dream came true. The three great institutions which I hoped might sometim

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Chapter XIX Education

Chapter XIX Education

In 1892 there were two thousand one hundred seventy-three schools. The attendance of these schools was small and irregular. In 1896, at the outbreak of the insurrection, the Spanish had in operation a public school system which could call upon the Normal School for teachers and also upon such graduates of private schools as cared to undertake the work. Naturally the latter were few. Between 1863 and 1893, the Normal School had enrolled two thousand and one students. This may be contrasted with t

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Chapter XX The Exploration of Non-Christian Territory

Chapter XX The Exploration of Non-Christian Territory

Entrance to the Quiangan Schoolhouse. The Ifugao boys on either side of the stairways helped build this remarkable structure. Most of their companions in the work were older, but all were of school age. The most satisfactory source of information was the work of Blumentritt, an Austrian ethnological writer; but Blumentritt had never set foot in the Philippines, and I suspected at the outset what later proved to be the case, that his statements were very inaccurate. He recognized more than eighty

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Chapter XXI The Government of the Non-Christian Tribes

Chapter XXI The Government of the Non-Christian Tribes

At the same time that the Ifugao territory was separated from Nueva Vizcaya there was added to the latter province the Ilongot territory previously divided between Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinán. Before considering the details of the work accomplished in the several special government provinces and sub-provinces, I will state the general principles which have been found useful in bringing the non-Christian peoples under control and in establishing friendly relations with them, and

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Chapter XXII The Government of the Non-Christian Tribes (Continued)

Chapter XXII The Government of the Non-Christian Tribes (Continued)

The great trouble with the Tagálogs of Mindoro is that nature has been too kind to them. They have only to plough a bit of ground at the beginning of the rainy season, scatter a little rice on it, and harvest the crop when ripe, to be able to live idly the rest of the year, and too many of them adopt this course. However, some good towns, like Pinamalayan, are waking up as the result of immigration from Marinduque. Two great services have been rendered to the more orderly of the inhabitants of M

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Chapter XXIII Corrigenda

Chapter XXIII Corrigenda

It is quite true that the Filipino politicians have bitterly resented my making known the facts relative to the existence of numerous uncivilized peoples in the islands, but to the charge that I hate the Filipinos I must enter an emphatic denial. Fifteen years ago I expressed my opinion of them in the following words:— “The civilized native is self-respecting and self-restrained to a remarkable degree. He is patient under misfortune, and forbearing under provocation. While it is stretching the t

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Chapter XXIV Non-Christian Tribe Problems

Chapter XXIV Non-Christian Tribe Problems

Americans have adopted a firm but kindly policy in dealing with the non-Christian tribes and have met with extraordinary success in winning their good-will and weaning them from the worst of their evil customs. Even with those of the Moros who live outside of the island of Joló considerable progress has been made. Head-hunting has been abolished among the Ifugaos, Igorots and Kalingas with an ease which was wholly unanticipated. In all work for the wild people the attitude of governors and lieut

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Chapter XXV Slavery and Peonage

Chapter XXV Slavery and Peonage

In discussing the prevalence of slavery in the Philippine Islands, Sr. Manuel Quezon has stated that it has never existed there as an institution. This is true, to the extent at least that it has never been recognized as a legal institution, nor directed nor authorized by order of any competent governmental authority. The same statements cannot be truthfully made with reference to murder, as I shall conclusively show by the records of the Insurgent government. I wish at the outset to draw a shar

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Chapter XXVI Murder As a Governmental Agency

Chapter XXVI Murder As a Governmental Agency

Aguinaldo was not alone in his views on the subject of murder. Felipe Agoncillo, long secretary of the Hongkong junta, and official representative of the Insurgent government in Europe and the United States, wrote him on August 1, 1898, from Hongkong, suggesting that he kill the Spanish prisoners “if the country requires” that this be done, and adding, “if you deem it wise you should secretly issue an order to kill the friars that they may capture.” 3 Obviously Aguinaldo did not deem it wise to

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Chapter XXVII The Philippine Legislature

Chapter XXVII The Philippine Legislature

Whether these occurrences were or were not to be considered as of such a nature as to render it impossible to certify that a condition of “general and complete peace, with recognition of the authority of the United States” had continued to exist in the Philippine territory not occupied by Moros or other non-Christians, was a matter of judgment, and the commission exercised the best judgment it possessed. During the Spanish days ladronism had always been rampant, affecting every province in the i

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Chapter XXVIII The Picturesque Philippines

Chapter XXVIII The Picturesque Philippines

The highest temperature ever recorded at Manila is 103.5° Fahrenheit, in May, 1878; the next highest, 101.9° in May, 1912. It should be remembered that there are no abrupt changes either between day and night or from season to season, and that one can therefore wear light, cool clothing throughout the year. Far from being oppressive, the tropical nights are, as a rule, delightful. I know of nothing more satisfying in its way than a stroll in the moonlight on a hard beach of snow-white coral sand

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Chapter XXIX Rod, Shotgun and Rifle

Chapter XXIX Rod, Shotgun and Rifle

A big barracuda may take fifty yards of line in his first rush and he may take two hundred, but one can be certain that when he is finally stopped he will jump clear of the water, and then will jump again just to show that he means it. After that, as he is reeled in, he will jump some more to keep up the interest. Ultimately, having acquired the habit of coming toward the boat, he will continue to practise it until he sees that craft, whereupon he is likely to start off at a rate which makes his

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Chapter XXX Philippine Lands

Chapter XXX Philippine Lands

The Bureau of Lands now interests itself actively and directly in protecting the public lands against such spurious claims, and thus keeps large areas open to claim by the common people. Absolute ignorance of the law was the commonest of all causes of the failure of the poor to take advantage of its very liberal provisions. Every known resource was exhausted in endeavouring to enlighten them. Pamphlets informing them of their rights were published in all important native dialects, and widely cir

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Chapter XXXI The Philippine Forests

Chapter XXXI The Philippine Forests

In cutting timber for domestic use and for the market, the Filipinos have in the past been absolutely indifferent to the matter of reproduction, making a clean sweep in those places where merchantable tree species could be readily and cheaply obtained. Six weeks after the Philippine Commission became the legislative body of the islands, it passed an act for the reorganization of the Forestry Bureau, which had previously been created by military order, continuing as its chief Major George P. Aher

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Chapter XXXII Improved Means of Communication

Chapter XXXII Improved Means of Communication

So far as can be judged from the figures available the mails despatched from the islands during the fiscal year 1912 were about five times those annually despatched during the late years of the Spanish régime. In 1893 nine parcel post packages were sent to foreign countries. In 1912, 2640 such parcels went abroad. In 1893 the number of registered articles transmitted between Philippine post-offices was 29,078. In 1912 it was 535,137. The increased use of newspapers is shown by the fact that in 1

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Chapter XXXIII Commercial Possibilities of the Philippines

Chapter XXXIII Commercial Possibilities of the Philippines

A Collapsible Bridge. Bridges of this type are employed in streams which are ordinarily narrow but become very wide during floods. The top of the bridge is not attached to the supports but is fastened to the bank by a strong cable. When the river rises, it floats off and can be readily replaced later. But this is not all. We are not confined to tropical products. In the highlands of Luzón and of Mindanao practically all the vegetables and many of the grains and fruits of the temperate zone may b

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Chapter XXXIV Peace and Prosperity

Chapter XXXIV Peace and Prosperity

Trade with the United States Total Trade, including that with the United States The Philippine government collects as internal revenue one-third of one per cent of the gross business done by merchants and manufacturers in the islands. The fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, was the last before the opening of free trade with the United States. The figures for the four subsequent years therefore show the resulting stimulus to business. The gross business on which the percentage tax was collected in

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Chapter XXXV Some Results of American Rule

Chapter XXXV Some Results of American Rule

Hostilities were deliberately provoked by the Insurgents, who had previously prepared an elaborate plan for a simultaneous attack on the American lines around Manila from within and without, and for the killing of all Americans, Europeans and American sympathizers among the Filipinos. The war ended with a prolonged period of guerilla warfare, deliberately inaugurated by the Insurgents, which bred crime and struck at the very roots of good government. At the earliest possible moment the Filipinos

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Chapter XXXVI Is Philippine Independence now Possible?

Chapter XXXVI Is Philippine Independence now Possible?

Mr. Justice Johnson of the Philippine Supreme Court tells me that when he was serving in Zambales as a judge of first instance the examination of a family of four persons necessitated two interpreters, one for the father, and another for the mother and two step-children, while in the trial of seven men charged with a murder it was necessary to read the complaint in four different dialects. Taylor cites the following typical instances of practical difficulty growing out of the multiplicity of dia

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Chapter XXXVII What Then?

Chapter XXXVII What Then?

A Modern Provincial Government Building. Would the United States care to assume responsibility for conditions in Mexico without any power to exercise control over the government of that country? Those who demand that we guarantee the independence of the Philippines are advocating a thing precisely similar to this, except that torture and burying alive do not seem to be in vogue in Mexico, and would be practised in the Philippines again, as they have been in the recent past. Can any one fail to g

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Instructions of the President to the First Philippine Commission

Instructions of the President to the First Philippine Commission

“ Executive Mansion , “ Washington , January 20, 1899. “ The Secretary of State : “My communication to the Secretary of War, dated December 21, 1898, declares the necessity of extending the actual occupation and administration of the city, harbour, and bay of Manila to the whole of the territory which by the treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, passed from the sovereignty of Spain to the sovereignty of the United States, and the consequent establishment of military government throughout

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Proclamation of the First Philippine Commission

Proclamation of the First Philippine Commission

In the meantime the attention of the Philippine people is invited to certain regulative principles by which the United States will be guided in its relations with them. The following are deemed of cardinal importance:— 1. The supremacy of the United States must and will be enforced throughout every part of the archipelago, and those who resist it can accomplish no end other than their own ruin. 2. The most ample liberty of self-government will be granted to the Philippine people which is reconci

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Instructions of the President to the Second Philippine Commission

Instructions of the President to the Second Philippine Commission

President Board of Commissioners to the Philippine Islands Executive Mansion , April 7, 1900 . The Secretary of War , Washington . Sir : In the message transmitted to the Congress on the 5th of December, 1899, I said, speaking of the Philippine Islands: “As long as the insurrection continues the military arm must necessarily be supreme. But there is no reason why steps should not be taken from time to time to inaugurate governments essentially popular in their form as fast as territory is held a

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The Past and Present Organization of the Courts of the Philippine Islands1

The Past and Present Organization of the Courts of the Philippine Islands1

At the present time the courts of justice of the islands consist of a supreme court, courts of first instance and justice of the peace courts. The supreme court, which is composed of one chief justice and six associate justices, has civil and criminal jurisdiction over all the islands. In each province there is a court of first instance. Several such courts are usually united to constitute a judicial district, but this does not hold for the court of first instance of the city of Manila, which is

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The Non-Christian Population

The Non-Christian Population

Amburayan. This sub-province formed a part of South Ilocos at the time of the census enumeration. It does not appear that any account was taken of its non-Christian population. Apayao. The territory of this sub-province was a part of the province of Cagayan at the time of the census enumeration. The estimate is that of its present lieutenant-governor. Lieutenant-Governor Villamor estimated its population at 53,000, but this figure was undoubtedly too high. Antique. The non-Christian population o

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