The Game Of Go: The National Game Of Japan
Arthur Smith
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PREFACE
PREFACE
This book is intended as a practical guide to the game of Go. It is especially designed to assist students of the game who have acquired a smattering of it in some way and who wish to investigate it further at their leisure. As far as I know there is no work in the English language on the game of Go as played in Japan. There is an article on the Chinese game by Z. Volpicelli, in Vol. XXVI of the “Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.” This article I have not consulted. There
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
It is difficult to say which of the two games gives more pleasure. The combinations in Go suffer in comparison with those of Chess by reason of a certain monotony, because there are no pieces having different movements, and because the stones are not moved again after once being placed on the board. Also to a beginner the play, especially in the beginning of the game, seems vague; there are so many points on which the stones may be played, and the amount of territory obtainable by one move or th
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I HISTORY OF THE GAME
I HISTORY OF THE GAME
It is remarkable that in the old books it is stated that in the year 300 A.D. a man by the name of Osan was so skilled in Go that he could take all the stones from the board after the game had been finished and then play it over from memory. This is of interest also as showing that in the course of time playing the game has had the effect of strengthening the memory of Go players, because there are now hundreds of players in Japan who can replace a game move for move after it has been disarrange
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II DESCRIPTION OF THE BOARD AND STONES
II DESCRIPTION OF THE BOARD AND STONES
The stones or “Ishi” with which the game is played are three hundred and sixty-one in number, corresponding to the number of “Me” or points of intersection on the board. One hundred and eighty of these stones are white and the remaining one hundred and eighty-one are black. As the weaker player has the black stones and the first move, obviously the extra stone must be black. In practice the entire number of stones is never used, as at the end of the game there are always vacant spaces on the boa
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III RULES OF PLAY
III RULES OF PLAY
It follows from this rule that stones which are on the same line parallel with the edges of the board are connected, and support each other, Plate 2 , Diagram VII , while stones which are on the same diagonal line are not connected, and do not support each other, Plate 2 , Diagram VIII . In order to surround stones which are on the same line, and therefore connected, it is necessary to surround them all in order to take them, while stones which are arranged on a diagonal line, and therefore unco
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IV GENERAL METHODS OF PLAY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE GAME
IV GENERAL METHODS OF PLAY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE GAME
and Black has made good his connection, or Black at his fourth move could play at Q 14, then [ 60 ] There are other continuations, but they are still worse for White. If, however, the adversary’s stones are already posted on the line of advance sometimes it is only safe to skip one point, and of course in close positions the stones must be played so that they are actually connected. The Japanese call this skipping of “Me” by the terms “Ikken tobi,” “Nikken tobi,” “Sangen tobi,” etc., which liter
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I
I
Plate 14 Comment by Honinbo Shuye : “Black’s twenty-sixth move is premature, and it has the effect of precipitating the contest too early in the game. The territory around that point is dangerous ground for Black. N 17 would have been better.” Comment by Honinbo Shuye : “Black should have played at H 4. White would then play at F 2, and Black would reply at E 1.” Comment by Honinbo Shuye : “Black should still play at H 4.” [ 71 ] Comment by Honinbo Shuye : “This move does not hit the spot. It sh
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II
II
and Black has the advantage, because White’s stones at C 7–E 7 can only get one “Me” on the edge of the board, and later on must seek a connection with some other group. By constantly harassing such endangered groups territory is often obtained. would have followed, or White would have answered at K 4. The player who has the “Sente” most of the time will generally be the victor. W. P 16, O 15, N 16, O 14 B. P 15, N 15, O 17, P 18 and White has the advantage. B. S 5, S 6, S 8, R 8, Q 8 W. E 15, S
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III
III
The game as published ends at this point, but there still remain moves to be made that are not strictly “Dame.” White must kill the three black stones at E 8, F 8, and G 8, [ 96 ] as that portion of the board is not quite disposed of, and “Seki” might easily occur if White plays badly. The game might continue as follows: The following moves are strictly “Dame”: F 14, H 18, M 8, O 15, T 14. Either side can fill these “Me.” The following stones are dead and can now be removed: White. —K 8, L 17, T
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IV
IV
Black wins, the report says, by “Ichi ban,” which means anything up to ten “Me.” According to my continuation, Black won by seven “Me.” [ 99 ] Plate 16 Plate 17 This is a game between a Japanese player and a beginner. It is inserted solely to show the character of the mistakes which beginners are likely to make. Such errors never occur in games between good players, and therefore this game may be more useful to a novice than the games contested between players of greater skill. Played May 7, 190
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V
V
[ 105 ] “Dame”—E 5 and C 5. White wins by one hundred and ninety-seven spaces and eighty-eight stones. [ 111 ] Plate 18 White. —Inouye Inseki. Black. —Yasui Shintetsu. Played December, 1835. No handicaps were given. This game is from a Japanese work called “ Kachi Sei Kioku. ” The notes are taken from Korschelt, and as in the previous instance involve the repetition of some things that have been touched on in the preceding chapters. If White had had an opportunity of placing a stone on the line
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VI
VI
White wins by seven stones. Plate 18 [ 119 ] Handicap Plate 19 ( A ) Even game. White has a small territory in the corner, but Black has greater possibility of expansion. [ 123 ] Plate 19 [ 124 ]...
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I
I
Even game. White has a small territory in the corner, but Black has greater possibility of expansion. [ 123 ] Plate 19 [ 124 ] Handicap Again White has the corner and Black has better opportunities for expansion....
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II
II
Handicap Plate 19 ( B ) In this opening the corner is about evenly divided....
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III
III
Handicap White has the corner, but Black has better chances to make territory later....
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IV
IV
Handicap Black is supposed to have another handicap stone at D 4. Plate 19 ( C ) This opening might be continued as follows: [ 127 ] or...
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V
V
or Handicap Black is supposed to have stones at O 4 and Q 4 also; these are called “Shiki ishi.” Black has much the best of this variation....
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VI
VI
Handicap Black is supposed to have a handicap stone at Q 4 also. Plate 19 ( D ) Black has the better position. [ 129 ]...
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VII
VII
Handicap Plate 20 ( A ) White has the corner, but Black has practically secured a large territory on the right....
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VIII
VIII
Handicap Black has the corner. White has a chance on both sides....
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IX
IX
Handicap Black has the corner and also an outlet to the center. White has a chance to form territory on both sides. Black’s position is preferable. [ 131 ] Plate 20 [ 132 ]...
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X
X
[ 132 ] Handicap Black is supposed to have a stone at D 4 also. Plate 20 ( B ) Black has the better game. [ 133 ]...
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XI
XI
Handicap Plate 20 ( C ) The game is about even; if White does not play at C 17 on the fifth move, Black gets much the better of it....
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XII
XII
Handicap [ 134 ]...
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XIII
XIII
Handicap Plate 20 ( D ) Suppose Black does not play No. 4, E 2, but plays elsewhere, then the following continuation might occur: White has the better of it....
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XIV
XIV
White has the better of it. Handicap Even game....
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XV
XV
Handicap Plate 21 ( A ) Black has the better of it....
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XVI
XVI
Handicap Again Black has the better of it. He has a chance to [ 138 ] play at J 1 on the next move. The relation of this stone to the stone at F 2 when at the edge of the board is called “Ozaru,” or the “great monkey,” and it generally gains about eight spaces. This is also shown among the examples of end positions. Plate 21...
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XVII
XVII
Handicap Black has the better of it....
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XVIII
XVIII
Handicap Plate 21 ( B ) White must now play at O 6 to save his stones on the left side. This “Joseki” is very much spread out; it is difficult to say who has the better of it....
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XIX
XIX
Handicap Black has the better game....
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XX
XX
Handicap Plate 21 ( C ) Black has the corner and White has commenced to envelop his stones. The following continuation might occur: Black’s last move in this continuation is interesting, because [ 141 ] it will make “Kake tsugu” no matter which way White tries to break through. If he should play at D 17, White could get through at E 16....
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XXI
XXI
Black’s last move in this continuation is interesting, because [ 141 ] it will make “Kake tsugu” no matter which way White tries to break through. If he should play at D 17, White could get through at E 16. Handicap Black has the better of it....
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XXII
XXII
Handicap The corner is divided, but Black has better prospects....
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XXIII
XXIII
Handicap White has entered the corner and still his stones will live. [ 143 ]...
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XXIV
XXIV
Handicap Plate 21 ( D ) Black has a good game. We now come to the “Joseki” where no handicaps are given. In such cases, of course, Black has the first move. The first stone is generally played on an intersection adjacent to the point on which the handicap stone is placed when given. There are, therefore, eight intersections on which the first stone might be played. In the lower left-hand corner, for instance, these would be C 3, C 4, C 5, D 3, D 5, E 3, E 4, E 5. By common consent C 3 has been r
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XXV
XXV
We now come to the “Joseki” where no handicaps are given. In such cases, of course, Black has the first move. The first stone is generally played on an intersection adjacent to the point on which the handicap stone is placed when given. There are, therefore, eight intersections on which the first stone might be played. In the lower left-hand corner, for instance, these would be C 3, C 4, C 5, D 3, D 5, E 3, E 4, E 5. By common consent C 3 has been rejected as disadvantageous for the first player
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I
I
No Handicap Even game. Suppose Black neglects P 14 on his thirteenth move, we would then have the following continuation: White has the better of it. [ 146 ]...
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II
II
White has the better of it. [ 146 ] No Handicap Plate 22 ( A ) Even game. White has the corner, but Black has better possibilities....
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III
III
No Handicap This is an old “Joseki” which used to be popular; it fell into disuse and was revived by Murase Shuho. It is good enough for White if he has an outlying stone or two in the neighborhood, otherwise it is bad play for White. [ 147 ] Plate 22...
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IV
IV
Plate 22 No Handicap The following stones are supposed to be on the board: Black, Q 13, R 13, R 15; White, Q 14, P 16, Q 17. [ 149 ] White has the better of it. Variation commencing at White’s sixteenth move: Black now has secured territory at the bottom of the board and confined White to the corner with the better game....
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V
V
Variation commencing at White’s sixteenth move: Black now has secured territory at the bottom of the board and confined White to the corner with the better game. No Handicap Plate 22 ( B ) White has the corner; Black can afford “Tenuki” at move nine because if White cuts at Q 6 Black can still get a good game. In fact Q 15 indirectly defends the connection at Q 6. [ 150 ]...
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VI
VI
No Handicap Plate 22 ( C ) Black has the better of it....
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VII
VII
No Handicap Plate 23 ( A ) Even game. Plate 23...
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VIII
VIII
Even game. Plate 23 No Handicap The corner is evenly divided, and neither side has an advantage. [ 153 ]...
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IX
IX
No Handicap White has much the better game....
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X
X
No Handicap Plate 23 ( B ) White has the better position....
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XI
XI
No Handicap Plate 23 ( C ) Black has the better position. This is an old “Joseki.” It is not much liked at the present time....
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XII
XII
No Handicap Even game....
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XIII
XIII
No Handicap Plate 23 ( D ) Even game; the corner is divided....
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XIV
XIV
No Handicap Plate 24 ( A ) Black has the better position. [ 157 ] Plate 24 [ 158 ]...
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XV
XV
Plate 24 [ 158 ] No Handicap Black has the better position....
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XVI
XVI
No Handicap Even game....
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XVII
XVII
No Handicap Plate 24 ( B ) The game is about even. [ 160 ]...
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XVIII
XVIII
No Handicap Black’s third stone at H 3 is now called “Uke ishi,” or a “floating stone.” White has the better position....
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XIX
XIX
No Handicap Plate 24 ( C ) Even game....
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XX
XX
No Handicap This “Joseki” really deals with two corners....
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XXI
XXI
No Handicap Plate 24 ( D ) We will now insert ten examples of openings , as distinguished from “Joseki.” As already stated, these are by Murase Shuho. In these examples Black is supposed to make the best possible moves, and therefore White always finds himself at a disadvantage....
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XXII
XXII
Plate 25 Black has a handicap of four stones. Plate 25...
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I
I
Plate 25 Plate 26 Black has a handicap of four stones....
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II
II
Plate 27 Black has a handicap of three stones. B. L 5, M 3, M 4 W. J 3, M 2, Q 8 White playing at Q 8 in order to prevent Black from playing at R 5. [ 167 ] Plate 26 [ 168 ] Plate 27 [ 170 ]...
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III
III
Plate 26 [ 168 ] Plate 27 [ 170 ] Plate 28 Black has a handicap of three stones. B. L 3, L 4, L 5, L 6, G 4 W. M 4, M 5, M 6, M 7 and Black has a decisive advantage. Plate 28...
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IV
IV
Plate 28 Plate 29 Black has a handicap of two stones. B. G 17 W. F 18 Plate 29...
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V
V
Plate 30 Black has a handicap of two stones. Plate 30 [ 177 ]...
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VI
VI
[ 177 ] No Handicap Plate 31 but this is bad for Black. Plate 31...
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VII
VII
Plate 31 No Handicap Plate 32 Plate 32...
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VIII
VIII
No Handicap Plate 33 Plate 33...
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IX
IX
No Handicap Plate 34 Plate 34 [ 186 ]...
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X
X
[ 186 ] A work on the game of Go would not be complete without a chapter especially devoted to the subject of the end game. On the average a game of Go consists of about two hundred and fifty moves, and we might say that about twenty of these moves belong to the opening, about one hundred and fifty to the main part of the game, and the remaining eighty to the end game. The moves which may be regarded as belonging to the end game are those which connect the various groups of stones with the margi
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I
I
White retains the “Sente.” Plate 35 Plate 35 ( B ) The following stones are on the board: White, R 9, O 5, O 3; Black, P 7, Q 3, Q 4, R 7. If White has the first move, it makes a difference of six “Me.” White retains the “Sente.” If Black had had the first move, the play would have been as follows: And Black has the “Sente.” [ 191 ]...
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II
II
And Black has the “Sente.” [ 191 ] Plate 35 ( C ) The following stones are on the board: White, B 16, C 14, E 15; Black, C 17, D 16, E 16, G 17. If White has the move, it makes a difference of seven “Me.” White retains the “Sente.”...
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III
III
Plate 35 ( D ) The following stones are on the board: White, B 8, C 7, C 8, D 6, E 2, E 6, F 3, F 5; Black, B 6, B 7, C 6, D 2, 3, 4, 5. If White has the move, it makes a difference of four “Me.”...
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IV
IV
Plate 36 ( A ) The following stones are on the board: White, M 16, M 17, M 18, N 16, O 15, P 14, R 14; Black, N 17, N 18, O 16, P 16, Q 16, R 16. If White has the “Sente,” it makes a difference of six “Me.” White retains the “Sente.”...
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V
V
Plate 36 ( B ) The following stones are on the board: Black, M 2, M 3, N 3, N 4, O 4, Q 4, R 4, S 4; White, L 3, N 2, O 2, O 3, P 3, R 2, S 3, R 6. [ 193 ] Plate 36 [ 194 ] Black has the “Sente” and gains nine “Me.” Black retains the “Sente.”...
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VI
VI
Black has the “Sente” and gains nine “Me.” Black retains the “Sente.” Plate 36 ( C ) The following stones are on the board: Black, B 17, C 17, D 16, G 17; White, B 16, C 13. Black has given up the “Sente,” but has gained considerable ground. [ 195 ]...
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VII
VII
Plate 36 ( D ) The following stones are on the board: Black, C 4, D 4, E 4, C 7; White, C 3, D 3, E 3, F 3. Black has the move. These moves seem obvious, but the importance of Black’s opportunity is likely to be underestimated; Black gains about eleven “Me” by this play. If the opposing lines extend one space nearer the edge of the board, the territory gained by a similar attack is not nearly so great....
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VIII
VIII
Plate 37 ( A ) The following stones are on the board: White, M 16, N 16, N 18, O 17, P 18, Q 17, 18; Black, N 15, O 15, 16, P 16, 17, Q 16, R 12, R 17. White has the move. White has given up the “Sente,” but these moves make a difference in his favor of about fourteen “Me.” [ 196 ]...
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IX
IX
Plate 37 ( B ) The following stones are on the board: White, M 3, O 3, P 2, Q 3, R 2; Black, N 4, O 4, Q 5, R 3, R 4. White has the move. This move is really “Go te,” but if Black neglects to answer it, White can then jump to T 5. This jump is called by a special name “O zaru,” or the “big monkey,” and would gain about eight “Me” for White....
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X
X
Plate 37 ( C ) The following stones are on the board: White, C 15, D 15, E 15, 16; Black, C 16, D 16, E 17, 18, F 16, G 17. White has the move. White has given up the “Sente” and has gained somewhat, but if Black now neglects to defend and plays elsewhere, White can jump to B 18, and gain about seventeen “Me” altogether....
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XI
XI
Plate 37 ( D ) The following stones are on the board: White, B 8, C 7, 11, D 5, 6, 7, E 6; Black, B 7, C 5, 6, D 3, 4, E 4, 5. [ 197 ] Plate 37 [ 198 ] White has the move. White has given up the “Sente,” but this method of play gains about fourteen “Me,” as it is now no longer necessary to protect the connection at C 8. We will now insert two plates from Korschelt’s book. The notes at the foot of the illustrations are his. [ 199 ] Plate 38 A WORTH SIX “ME” (S 17, 18, 19 ; T 17, 18, 19); SENTE IS
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XII
XII
White has the move. White has given up the “Sente,” but this method of play gains about fourteen “Me,” as it is now no longer necessary to protect the connection at C 8. We will now insert two plates from Korschelt’s book. The notes at the foot of the illustrations are his. [ 199 ] Plate 38 A WORTH SIX “ME” (S 17, 18, 19 ; T 17, 18, 19); SENTE IS RETAINED B WORTH FIVE “ME”; SENTE IS RETAINED C WORTH THIRTEEN “ME”; SENTE IS RETAINED D WORTH EIGHT “ME”; SENTE IS RETAINED [ 200 ] Plate 39 A WORTH 2
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I. Saving Threatened Groups
I. Saving Threatened Groups
10. White , B 15, 16, C 17, 18, D 18. Black, A 15, B 14, C 14, 15, 16, D 17, E 17, 18. 11. White, L 18, M 16, 17, N 14, 18, O 13, 19, P 18, Q 12, 13, 17, 18, R 12, 14, 18, S 14, 17, 19. Black , N 17, O 15, 17, 18, P 14, 17, Q 14, 15, 16, R 13, 16, 17, S 13, 18. 12. White , Q 3, R 2, 3, S 3. Black, P 2, 3, 5, Q 2, 4, R 5, 7. 13. White , B 2, C 3, D 1, 3, E 2. Black, B 4, C 5, D 4, E 3, 4, F 1, 2, G 3. 14. White, A 16, B 15, C 15, 16, D 17, E 17, F 18, G 18. Black , B 16, 17, C 17, D 18, E...
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II. Killing Groups
II. Killing Groups
11. White , M 16, O 15, 16, 18, P 18, Q 14, R 12, 15, 18, S 16. Black, L 16, P 16, 17, Q 16, 18, S 17, 18. 12. White, Q 2, R 2, S 3, 4, 5. Black , P 2, 3, Q 3, R 4, 5, 7, S 6. 13. White , B 4, C 4, 6, D 4, E 3, F 3, G 2, H 3. Black, B 3, C 3, D 3, E 2, F 2. [ 207 ] Plate 41 [ 208 ] 14. White, C 17, 18, E 16, 17, F 15, G 16, H 16, 17, K 16. Black , B 17, 18, C 16, D 14, 16, 17, E 13, 15, G 14, 15, 17, J 14, 15, K 17, L 16. 15. White , N 17, P 16, 17, 18, Q 15, R 13, 15, S 14. Black,...
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III. Playing for “Ko”
III. Playing for “Ko”
Plate 42 [ 210 ] 11. White, N 17, O 18, P 16, 17, Q 16, R 16, S 16. Black , P 18, Q 17, R 17, S 17. 12. White , P 2, Q 2, R 3, 4, S 2. Black, M 3, O 3, P 3, Q 5, R 5, S 3, 4, T 2. 13. White, A 2, B 3, 4, C 5, D 4, 5, F 4, G 2, 3. Black , B 2, C 3, 4, D 3, E 3, F 2. 14. White , C 15, 16, 17, D 16. Black, C 14, D 14, 15, 17, 18, E 16, F 17. 15. White, N 17, O 18, P 16, 17, Q 15, R 15, S 16. Black , P 18, Q 16, 17, S 17. 16. White , R 2, 4, S 3. Black, O 3, P 4, Q 2, 4, R...
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IV. Reciprocal Attacks (“Semeai”)
IV. Reciprocal Attacks (“Semeai”)
11. White, O 2, 4, P 2, 4, Q 2, 3, 5, R 5, 7, S 4. Black , M 3, N 2, 3, O 3, P 3, Q 4, R 3, 4. [ 211 ] Plate 43 [ 212 ] 12. White , Q 11, 12, 13, R 11, 14, 15, S 16, T 14. Black, Q 14, 15, R 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, S 11, 13. 1. ( Plate 44 , A) White, K 14, 16, 18, L 18, M 13, N 13, 15, O 16, P 14, 17. Black , M 16, 18, N 14, 17, Q 14, 15, 16, R 17. 2. ( Plate 44 , B) White , N 5, O 4, 6, P 4, Q 3, 8, R 3, 8, S 3, 4, 7, 9. Black, N 6, P 5, 6, 8, 9, R 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, S 5. 3. (...
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V. Connecting Groups
V. Connecting Groups
10. White, C 12, 17, D 9, 14, 18, E 10, 12, 13, 17, F 17, G 15, H 12, 14. Black , C 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, D 10, E 15, 16, F 13, 14. 11. White , H 17, J 17, K 17, N 15, O 15, 17, P 17. Black, J 16, K 14, 16, M 14, 16, N 16, O 13, Q 14, 17, R 16. 12. White , Q 8, 9, R 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, S 2. Black, P 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, Q 2, 5, 10, R 2, 7, S 1. 1. ( Plate 45 , A) White , P 18, Q 15, 16, 17, R 17, 18, S 17. Black, O 17, 18, P 14, 16, Q 14, R 14, 16, S 16, 18, T 17. 2. ( Plate 45 , B) White, N 5, O 4, P...
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VI. “Oi otoshi”
VI. “Oi otoshi”
Plate 45 [ 215 ] 3. ( Plate 45 , C) White, A 16, B 13, 15, 17, 18, C 14, 19, D 16, 17, 18, E 13, 16, F 16, G 14, 15. Black , B 16, C 15, 16, 17, 18, D 15, E 15, F 15, 17, G 16, 17. 4. ( Plate 45 , D) White , B 3, C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, D 2, E 3, F 2. Black, A 3, B 2, 4, 5, 6, C 2, 7, D 7, E 4, 6, F 4, G 2, 3. 5. White , A 3, B 4, C 4, D 3, 4, F 2, 3, 4. Black, B 3, C 3, 5, 6, D 2, E 2, 6, F 1, G 2, 4, 5, H 3. 6. White, A 18, B 15, 17, C 14, 18, D 14, 19, E 14, 18, F 15,...
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VII. Cutting
VII. Cutting
1. T 19. 2. T 2, S 1, T 4, Q 2, R 1. 3. A 18, A 16, B 16. 4. B 2, C 1, B 1, D 1, C 2. 5. A 2, B 1, A 4 or A 2, A 4, B 1. 6. C 17, C 18, D 17, E 17, B 18, D 18, A 18, B 19, A 12, A 14, B 14. 7. O 18, N 18, Q 17, R 18, P 18, N 17, R 17, O 19, R 19, P 19, T 17 or O 18, P 18, R 18, or O 18, R 18, P 18. 8. S 2, R 1, S 1. 9. B 1, A 2, B 2. 10. A 17, B 19, B 18, A 14, C 19, A 16, A 19, B 17, B 16. 11. T 16, T 18, T 14 or T 16, S...
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SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
11. T 16, T 18, T 14 or T 16, S 12, T 18. 12. S 5, S 6, T 5. 13. C 1. 14. B 19. 15. S 18, S 19, S 13, T 18, S 15, T 17, T 14 or S 18, S 13, T 16. 16. S 5, T 5, T 4, S 4, T 2, T 6, Q 2, or S 5, T 5, T 4, S 4, T 2, Q 2, S 3, T 4, T 6, T 4, T 5, S 1, S 8. 17. A 3, B 1, B 2, E 3, A 1, A 2, C 1. 18. F 17, G 17, F 18, G 18, D 18, E 18, D 19, E 19, D 16, F 19, B 19, A 18, B 18, A 17, D 14, C 18, B 17, C 19, B 16, or F 17, G 17,...
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